{"id":73028,"date":"2024-10-17T16:28:08","date_gmt":"2024-10-17T16:28:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/awwa-manual-m2-2001\/"},"modified":"2024-10-24T19:08:49","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T19:08:49","slug":"awwa-manual-m2-2001","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/awwa\/awwa-manual-m2-2001\/","title":{"rendered":"AWWA Manual M2 2001"},"content":{"rendered":"

2012-06-30<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nInstrumentation and Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nChapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Hydraulics and Electricity 5
Chapter 3 Motor Controls 41
Chapter 4 Flowmeters 67
Chapter 5 Pressure, Level, Temperature, and Other Process Measurements 101 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nChapter 6 Secondary Instrumentation 121
Chapter 7 Telemetry 131
Chapter 8 Final Control Elements 143
Chapter 9 Basics of Automatic Process Control 161
Chapter 10 Digital Control and Communication Systems 179
Chapter 11 Instrument Diagrams 199 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nFigures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nTables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nForeword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nAcknowledgments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nChapter 1 Introduction
Automation: the replacement or elimination of intermediate components of a system or steps in a p…
Instrumentation: both the technology and installation of equipment to monitor and control operati…
The Water Utility System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nHow to Use This Manual <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nReference <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nChapter 2 Hydraulics and Electricity
Hydraulics
Properties of Liquids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\nDensity of water.
Incompressibility.
Density and specific gravity.
Viscosity.
Hydrostatics
Hydrostatic pressure. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nFigure 2-1 Pressure in a tank
Figure 2-2 Pressure in containers of various shapes
Effect of container shape on pressure.
Atmospheric pressure.
2,116 lb\/ft2 (101.3 kPa), or
(2,116 lb\/ft2)\/(144 in.2\/ft2) = 14.7 lb\/in.2, or
(2,116 lb\/ft2)\/(62.4 lb\/ft3) = 33.9 ft of water, or
(2,116 lb\/ft2)\/(848.6 lb\/ft3)\/(12 in.\/ft) = 29.9 in. of mercury.
Vacuum. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nFigure 2-3 Water level in an unpressurized system
Figure 2-4 Fluid levels in a vacuum system
Summary of hydrostatics.
Hydrokinetics
Liquid flow. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nFigure 2-5 Flow velocity as a function of cross-sectional area
Figure 2-6 Flow\u2013velocity profiles
Figure 2-7 Determination of static pressure
Laminar and turbulent flow.
Measurements.
Energy and head. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nFigure 2-8 Water in pipe with pressure, no flow
Elevation head: he .
Velocity head: hv .
(2-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nFigure 2-9 Total head
Figure 2-10 Elevation head <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nFigure 2-11 Flowing without friction
Figure 2-12 Velocity head
(2-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n(2-3)
Pressure head: hp .
Friction head: hf .
(2-4)
Total head: H.
Figure 2-13 Flowing with friction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n(2-5)
Quantity flowing in straight pipe\u2014no friction.
(2-6)
Velocity, v, in ft\/sec (m\/sec) (2-7)
(2-8)
(2-9)
(2-10)
Quantity flowing in straight pipe\u2014with friction. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nFigure 2-14 Flowing with friction
(2-11)
(2-12)
(2-13) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nFigure 2-15 Mechanical leverage compared to hydraulic force
(2-14)
Hydrodynamics
Force in hydraulic systems.
20 psi = F\/10 in.2
or 20 \u00a5 10 = 200 lb of force
20 psi = F\/20 in.2
or 400 lb of force <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nFigure 2-16 Hydraulic force
Figure 2-17 Differential areas
Energy and work. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nElectricity
Basic Electricity
Physical\u2014Electrons are forced out of atoms colliding with nearby atoms. When atoms on the surface… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nThermal\u2014Heat is a form of energy, and when atoms are heated, their movement increases. Heat can c…
Magnetic\u2014Magnetism is an electrical force that pushes or pulls charges. While magnetism does occu…
Chemical\u2014Some chemical compositions (molecules) containing more than one type of atom can cause a…
Photovoltaic\u2014The energy in light rays can cause free electrons. Common examples include the photo…
Conductors and insulators
Physical laws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n(2-15)
(2-16)
1 watt = 1 volt \u00a5 1 ampere (2-17)
1 calorie = 4.18 joules (2-18)
1 horsepower = 746 watts 1 hp = 550 ft-lb\/sec (2-19) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nOther factors
Distribution Concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nConductors
Utility service connection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nVoltage levels
(2-20)
Three-phase power
Voltage conversion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nFigure 2-18 Transformer symbol
Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\nFigure 2-19a Delivery voltage at 480 VAC using electric utility’s transformer
Figure 2-19b Delivery voltage at 21,000 VAC using water utility’s transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nFigure 2-20 Main substation with switchgear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nReliability
Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\nFigure 2-21 Complete one-line with load center and motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nPersonnel hazards
DO NOT TOUCH a person who is being shocked, as the current will also shock you. The only way to h…
Fire hazards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nSafety systems
Grounding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\nOvercurrent and overtemperature. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nGround fault.
Encasement. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\nPower Factor
Reactance
(2-21) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n(2-22)
(2-23)
Power Factor = PT \/PA (2-24)
Inductance.
Capacitance.
(2-25) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nCapacitors.
Capacitive motors.
Lightning and Surge Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nLightning protection
Air terminals.
Down conductors. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nGrounding electrodes.
Surge protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nEMI signals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nChapter 3 Motor Controls
Introduction
Motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nInduction Motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nFigure 3-1 Induction motor rotors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nSynchronous Motors
Single-Phase Motors
Split-phase motors.
Capacitor motors. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nShaded pole motors.
Motor Starting
Starting torque.
Starting current. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nMotor Starters
Motor starter operation mechanisms. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nMotor starter sizes.
Motor feeder protection.
Motor Starting Techniques
Full voltage (across the line).
Reduced voltage. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nBidirectional.
Multispeed.
Insulation Type and Service Factor
Insulation type.
Service factor. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nMotor Disconnects
Variable Speed Motor Control
Variable Torque Transmission Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nEddy current clutches.
Liquid clutches.
Variable Speed Motor Control Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nWound-rotor motor controls.
Variable frequency controllers. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nMotor Control Logic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nFigure 3-2 Motor starter contactor coil
Figure 3-3 Motor starter circuit with one switch <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nFigure 3-4 Motor starter circuit with two switches
Figure 3-5 Maintained contact switch symbol
Figure 3-6 Momentary contact switch symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nFigure 3-7 Momentary start switch circuit
Figure 3-8 Control relay coil symbol
Figure 3-9 Control relay contact symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nFigure 3-10 Three-wire motor control circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nFigure 3-11 Three-wire motor control circuit with two control locations
Figure 3-12 Ladder diagram with line numbers
Status Indicators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nFigure 3-13 Status indicating light symbol
Figure 3-14 Motor circuit with indicating lights
Figure 3-15 Selector switch symbol
Local\u2013Remote <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nFigure 3-16 Motor circuit with local\u2013remote switch
Figure 3-17 Hand-off\u2013auto switch
Automatic Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nFigure 3-18 HOA motor circuit
Figure 3-19 Float-operated level switch symbol (closes on rising level)
Figure 3-20 Float-operated level switch symbol (opens on rising level) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nFigure 3-21 Automatic pump control off of a float switch
Figure 3-22 Three-wire control using two level switches <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nInterlocks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nFigure 3-23 Three-wire control using two level switches with lock-out\u2013stop switch
Motor Control Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nFigure 3-24 Three-wire control using two level switches with lock-out\u2013stop switch and a low- lev… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nFigure 3-25 Electrical ladder diagram symbol legend <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nChapter 4 Flowmeters
Meter Categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nMeter Coefficient of Discharge <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nVenturi Flowmeters
Figure 4-1 The Venturi tube <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nFigure 4-2 Venturi meter and flow tube <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nInstallation
Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nFigure 4-3 Troubleshooting guide for a differential pressure transducer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nAdvantages and Disadvantages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nModified Venturis
Flow Tubes
Insert Flow Tubes
Orifice Plate Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nFigure 4-4 Orifice plate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nInstallation
Maintenance
Advantages and Disadvantages
Magnetic Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nFigure 4-5 Magnetic flowmeter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nFigure 4-6 Example of a troubleshooting flowchart <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nInstallation
Maintenance
Electrode Cleaning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nAdvantages and Disadvantages
Turbine and Propeller Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nFigure 4-7 Propeller and turbine meters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nFigure 4-8 Troubleshooting procedures for turbine meter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nInstallation
Maintenance
Advantages and Disadvantages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nSonic Flowmeters
Figure 4-9 Ultrasonic time-of-flight flowmeter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nInstallation
Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nAdvantages and Disadvantages
Vortex Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nFigure 4-10 Vortex flowmeter
Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nFigure 4-11 Vortex flowmeter troubleshooting guide <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nMaintenance
Advantages and Disadvantages
Averaging Pitot Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nFigure 4-12 Averaging Pitot flowmeter insertion tube
Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nMaintenance
Advantages and Disadvantages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nVariable Area Flowmeters
Figure 4-13 Variable area flowmeter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nInstallation
Maintenance
Advantages and Disadvantages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nOpen Channel Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nFigure 4-14 Common types of weirs
Weirs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nFigure 4-15 Free flow over a weir
Advantages and Disadvantages
Flumes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nFigure 4-16 Parshall flume
Advantages and Disadvantages
Palmer\u2013Bowlus Flume <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nGeneral Installation Precautions
Piping Configurations
Fittings
Flow Straighteners
Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nFigure 4-17 Typical flow straighteners
Signal Output and Transport
Flowmeter Output
Signal Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nSignal Enhancement
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nChapter 5 Pressure, Level, Temperature, and Other Process Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nPressure, Level, and Temperature
Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nFigure 5-1 Bourdon, bellows, and diaphragm pressure sensors
Figure 5-2 Typical LVDT application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nFigure 5-3 Diaphragm seal
Figure 5-4 Variable capacitance pressure sensor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nLevel
Figure 5-5 Float-type, level-sensing system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nFigure 5-6 Stage recorder
Figure 5-7 Bubbler <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nFigure 5-8 Admittance probe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nFigure 5-9 Variable resistance level sensor
Figure 5-10 Ultrasonic level sensor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nFigure 5-11 Typical temperature elements
Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nFigure 5-12 Thermowell
Electric Power and Equipment Status
Electric Power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nFigure 5-13 Motor current sensor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nEquipment Status Monitoring
Process Analyzers
Turbidity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nFigure 5-14 Light scatter turbidity
pH <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nFigure 5-15 Surface scatter
Figure 5-16 pH system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nFigure 5-17 Immersion and flow-through pH systems
Residual Chlorine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nFigure 5-18 Chlorine membrane probe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nFigure 5-19 Amperometric chlorine residual analyzer
Figure 5-20 CO2 buffering
Particle Counters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nFigure 5-21 Particle counter
Figure 5-22 Streaming current monitor
Streaming Current Monitors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nMiscellaneous Analyzers
General Considerations
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nChapter 6 Secondary Instrumentation
Introduction
Signal Standardization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nSignal Power and Transmission <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nFigure 6-1 Typical single compressor system
Transmitters
Controllers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nFigure 6-2 Power supply
Figure 6-3 Basic controller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\nFigure 6-4 Analog indicator
Figure 6-5 Analog and digital indicator
Recording and Indicating Hardware <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nFigure 6-6 Circular recorder
Figure 6-7 Strip chart recorder <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nFunction Modules
Integrator.
Multiply\/divide.
Sum or differential.
Enhanced function modules. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nConverters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nChapter 7 Telemetry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nFigure 7-1 Telemetering <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nAnalog Telemetry
Pulse Duration Telemetry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nFigure 7-2 Typical digital telemetering system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nFigure 7-3 Schematic of a typical PDM system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nPulse Frequency Telemetry
Variable Frequency Telemetry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nTone Multiplexing
Amplitude Modulation Tone <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nFrequency Shift Keying Tone
Communication Media and Channels
Copper Wiring <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nTelephone Lines
Fiber Optics
Radio Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nFigure 7-4 Nomenclature of frequencies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nTrunking Systems
Spread Spectrum Radio
Satellite Links
Cable TV
Hybrid System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\nFuture Developments
Reference <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nChapter 8 Final Control Elements
Signal conditioners.
Actuators.
Final elements. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\nFigure 8-1 Components of control
Valves
Signal Conditioners
Two-state.
Diverter valves.
Electric switching circuits. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nFigure 8-2 Solenoid with cylinder actuator
Figure 8-3 Solenoid with details
Modulating service.
Pneumatic and hydraulic. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nFigure 8-4 Single-phase motor
Electric. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nFigure 8-5 Pneumatic positioner cut away
Figure 8-6 Electronic positioner circuitry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nFigure 8-7a Rotary valve requires torque
Figure 8-7b Linear valve requires thrust
Valve Actuators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nFigure 8-8 Piping configurations
Electric actuators.
Pneumatic and hydraulic actuators. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\nValve Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\nFigure 8-9 Control characteristics
Figure 8-10 Butterfly valve
Butterfly valves.
Ball valves. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nCone valves.
Plug valves.
Gate valves.
Globe valves.
Figure 8-11 Plug valve
Figure 8-12 Gate valve
Figure 8-13 Globe valve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nSleeve valves.
Other Valve Considerations
Cavitation.
Feedback.
Failsafe.
Valve Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nPumping Systems
Speed Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nVariable speed drives.
Variable speed couplings.
Displacement Pumps
Piston pumps. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nDiaphragm pumps.
Rotary displacement pumps.
Nondisplacement Pumps
Figure 8-14 Discharge pressure control via series valve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nFigure 8-15 Discharge pressure control via bypass valve
Miscellaneous Final Control Elements
Chemical Conveyors
Chemical Feeders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nFigure 8-16 Pneumatic conveying system
Figure 8-17 Chemical feed system (liquid) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nFigure 8-18 Chemical feed system (dry)
Figure 8-19 Typical rotary paddle volumetric feeder <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nFigure 8-20 Screw-type volumetric feeder
Figure 8-21 Gravimetric feeder (belt type) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nChapter 9 Basics of Automatic Process Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nFigure 9-1 Generic control loop
Feedforward Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nFigure 9-2 Feedforward control of chlorine contact channel
Feedback Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nFigure 9-3 Feedback control of chlorine contact channel
Feedforward vs. Feedback Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nManual vs. Automatic Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\nFigure 9-4 Compound control of chlorine contact channel
Automatic Feedforward Control Methods
Timers and Event Counters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\nFunction Modules
Ratio and Bias Controllers
(9-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nComputers
Automatic Feedback Control Methods
On\u2013Off Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nFigure 9-5 Generic feedback control timing graph <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nFigure 9-6a On\u2013off control of a reservoir
Figure 9-6b On\u2013off control timing graph <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nFigure 9-7a Gap-action control of a reservoir
Figure 9-7b Gap-action control timing graph
Proportional Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nFigure 9-8 Proportional control input\/output relationship <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nFigure 9-9a Proportional control of a reservoir
Figure 9-9b Proportional control timing graph <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nAutomatic Reset or Integral Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nFigure 9-10a Integral control of a reservoir
Figure 9-10b Integral control timing graph <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\nProportional-plus-Integral Control
Proportional-plus-Derivative (Rate) Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nFigure 9-11a Proportional-plus-derivative control of a reservoir <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nFigure 9-11b Proportional-plus-derivative control timing graph
Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative Control
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nChapter 10 Digital Control and Communication Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nDigital Control Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\nFigure 10-1 Digital control system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\nComputers
Central processing unit (CPU).
Main memory.
Mass memory.
Input\/output system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
199<\/td>\nComputer Peripherals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nProcess I\/O Concepts
Analog data
Digital data.
Pulse data. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\nControllers
Programmable logic controllers.
A digitally operating electrical apparatus that uses a programmable memory for the internal stora…
Distributed control units (DCUs).
Remote terminal units (RTUs). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nSmart field devices.
Software
Operating system.
Application software. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nFigure 10-2 Operating system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
204<\/td>\nCommunication Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
205<\/td>\nDigital Communication Concepts
Layers of communications.
Standards. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
206<\/td>\nFigure 10-3 Layers of communications, LAN, WAN
Figure 10-4 Reference model for open system interconnection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\nRemote communications.
Networks. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\nFigure 10-5 Networks
Continuous polling.
Reports by exception. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nHigh-speed networks.
Error detection\/error correction.
Connectivity.
Communication media. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
210<\/td>\nApplications and Site Planning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nSite Planning
Control room. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\nRemote site
Technology Trends <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
213<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
215<\/td>\nChapter 11 Instrument Diagrams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
217<\/td>\nFigure 11-1 General instrument or function symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nFigure 11-2 Function designations for relays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\nFigure 11-3 Standard instrument line symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\nFigure 11-4 Example of PI&D loop description <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nGlossary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nIndex <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
241<\/td>\nAWWA Manuals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AWWA Manual M2: Instrumentation And Control, Third Edition<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AWWA<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2001<\/td>\n242<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":73029,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2651],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-73028","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-awwa","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/73028","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/73029"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=73028"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=73028"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=73028"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}