This part of IEC 62271 is applicable to a.c. circuit-breakers designed for indoor or outdoor installation and for operation at frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1 000 V.<\/p>\n
\nNOTE While this technical report mainly addresses circuit-breakers, some clauses (e.g. Clause 5) apply to switchgear and controlgear.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
This technical report addresses utility, consultant and industrial engineers who specify and apply high-voltage circuit-breakers, circuit-breaker development engineers, engineers in testing stations, and engineers who participate in standardization. It is intended to provide background information concerning the facts and figures in the standards and provide a basis for specification for high-voltage circuit-breakers. Thus, its scope will cover the explanation, interpretation and application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 as well as related standards and technical reports with respect to high-voltage circuit-breakers.<\/p>\n
Rules for circuit-breakers with intentional non-simultaneity between the poles are covered by IEC 62271-302.<\/p>\n
This technical report does not cover circuit-breakers intended for use on motive power units of electrical traction equipment; these are covered by the IEC 60077 series.<\/p>\n
Generator circuit-breakers installed between generator and step-up transformer are not within the scope of this technical report.<\/p>\n
This technical report does not cover self-tripping circuit-breakers with mechanical tripping devices or devices which cannot be made inoperative.<\/p>\n
Disconnecting circuit-breakers are covered by IEC 62271-108.<\/p>\n
By-pass switches in parallel with line series capacitors and their protective equipment are not within the scope of this technical report. These are covered by IEC 62271-109 and IEC 60143-2.<\/p>\n
In addition, special applications (among others parallel switching, delayed current zero crossings) are treated in annexes to this document.<\/p>\n
PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n
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\n PDF Pages<\/th>\n PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2<\/td>\n undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 19<\/td>\n 1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 24<\/td>\n 3.1 General
3.2 Electrical endurance class E1 and E2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 25<\/td>\n 3.3 Capacitive current switching class C1 and C2
3.4 Mechanical endurance class M1 and M2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 26<\/td>\n 3.5 Class S1 and S2
3.6 Conclusion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 27<\/td>\n 4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 30<\/td>\n Table 1 \u2013 Classes and shapes of stressing voltages and overvoltages (from IEC 60071-1:2006, Table 1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 31<\/td>\n 4.2 Longitudinal voltage stresses
4.3 High-voltage tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 32<\/td>\n 4.4 Impulse voltage withstand test procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 33<\/td>\n Table 2 \u2013 15\/2 and 3\/9 test series attributes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 34<\/td>\n Figure 1 \u2013 Probability of acceptance (passing the test) for the 15\/2 and 3\/9 test series <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 35<\/td>\n Figure 2 \u2013 Probability of acceptance at 5 % probability of flashover for 15\/2 and 3\/9 test series
Figure 3 \u2013 User risk at 10 % probability of flashover for 15\/2 and 3\/9 test series <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 38<\/td>\n Figure 4 \u2013 Operating characteristic curves for 15\/2 and 3\/9 test series <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 39<\/td>\n Figure 5 \u2013 \u03b1 risks for 15\/2 and 3\/9 test methods
Table 3 \u2013 Summary of theoretical analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 40<\/td>\n 4.5 Correction factors
Figure 6 \u2013 \u03b2 risks for 15\/2 and 3\/9 test methods
Figure 7 \u2013 Ideal sampling plan for AQL of 10 % <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 41<\/td>\n Table 4 \u2013 Values for m for the different voltage waveshapes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 44<\/td>\n 4.6 Background information about insulation levels and tests
Figure 8 \u2013 Disruptive discharge mode of external insulation of switchgear and controlgear having a rated voltage above 1 kV up to and including 52 kV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 47<\/td>\n 4.7 Lightning impulse withstand considerations of vacuum interrupters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 48<\/td>\n 5.1 General
5.2 Load current carrying requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 52<\/td>\n 5.3 Temperature rise testing
Table 5 \u2013 Maximum ambient temperature versus altitude (IEC 60943) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 53<\/td>\n Table 6 \u2013 Some examples of the application of acceptance criteria for steady state conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 54<\/td>\n Figure 9 \u2013 Temperature curve and definitions
Figure 10 \u2013 Evaluation of the steady state condition for the last quarter of the test duration shown in Figure 9 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 55<\/td>\n 5.4 Additional information
Table 7 \u2013 Ratios of Ia\/Ir for various ambient temperatures based on Table 3 of IEC 62271-1:2007 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 56<\/td>\n 6.1 Harmonization of IEC and IEEE transient recovery voltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 59<\/td>\n Figure 11 \u2013 Comparison of IEEE, IEC and harmonized TRVs, example for 145 kV at 100 % Isc with kpp = 1,3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 60<\/td>\n Table 8 \u2013 Summary of recommended changes to harmonize IEC and IEEE TRV requirements
Table 9 \u2013 Recommended u1 values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 62<\/td>\n Figure 12 \u2013 Comparison of IEEE, IEC and harmonized TRVs with compromise values of u1 and t1, example for 145 kV at 100 % Isc with kpp = 1,3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 64<\/td>\n Figure 13 \u2013 Comparison of TRV\u2019s for cable-systems and line-systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 65<\/td>\n 6.2 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV)
Figure 14 \u2013 Harmonization of TRVs for circuit-breakers < 100 kV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 67<\/td>\n Figure 15 \u2013 Representation of ITRV and terminal fault TRV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 68<\/td>\n 6.3 Testing
Table 10 \u2013 Standard values of initial transient recovery voltage \u2013 Rated voltages 100 kV and above <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 69<\/td>\n Figure 16 \u2013 Typical graph of line side TRV with time delay and source side with ITRV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 70<\/td>\n 6.4 General considerations regarding TRV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 71<\/td>\n Figure 96 \u2013 Representation of a four-parameter TRV and a delay line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 72<\/td>\n Figure 97 \u2013 Representation of a specified TRV by a two-parameter reference line and a delay line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 74<\/td>\n Table 39 \u2013 First-pole-to-clear factors kpp <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 75<\/td>\n Table 40 \u2013 Pole-to-clear factors for each clearing pole <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 76<\/td>\n Table 41 \u2013 Pole-to-clear factors for other types of faults in non-effectively earthed neutral systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 81<\/td>\n 6.5 Calculation of TRVs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 83<\/td>\n 7.1 Short-line fault requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 88<\/td>\n 7.2 SLF testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 91<\/td>\n 7.3 Additional explanations on SLF <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 93<\/td>\n Figure 17 \u2013 Effects of capacitor size on the short-line fault component of recovery voltage with a fault 915 m from circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 94<\/td>\n Figure 18 \u2013 Effect of capacitor location on short-line fault component of transient recovery voltage with a fault 760 m from circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 95<\/td>\n Figure 19 \u2013 TRV obtained during a L90 test duty on a 145 kV, 50 kA, 60 Hz circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 96<\/td>\n 7.4 Comparison of surge impedances
7.5 Test current and line length tolerances for short-line fault testing
Table 11 \u2013 Comparison of typical values of surge impedances for a single-phase fault (or third pole to clear a three-phase fault) and the first pole to clear a three-phase fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 97<\/td>\n 7.6 TRV with parallel capacitance
Table 42 \u2013 Actual percentage short-line fault breaking currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 100<\/td>\n 8.1 Reference system conditions
Figure 20 \u2013 TRV vs. \u03c9IZ as function of t\/tdL when tL\/tdL = 4,0 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 101<\/td>\n Figure 21 \u2013 Typical system configuration for out-of-phase breaking for case A
Figure 22 \u2013 Typical system configuration for out-of-phase breaking for Case B <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 102<\/td>\n 8.2 TRV parameters introduced into Tables 1b and 1c of the first edition of IEC 62271-100 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 104<\/td>\n Figure 23 \u2013 Voltage on both sides during CO under out-of-phase conditions
Figure 24 \u2013 Fault currents during CO under out-of-phase
Figure 25 \u2013 TRVs for out-of-phase clearing (enlarged) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 105<\/td>\n 9.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 106<\/td>\n 9.2 General theory of capacitive current switching
Figure 98 \u2013 Single-phase equivalent circuit for capacitive current interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 107<\/td>\n Figure 99 \u2013 Voltage and current shapes at capacitive current interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 108<\/td>\n Figure 100 \u2013 Voltage and current wave shapes in the case of a restrike <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 109<\/td>\n Figure 101 \u2013 Voltage build-up by successive restrikes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 110<\/td>\n Figure 102 \u2013 Example of an NSDD during capacitive current interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 111<\/td>\n Figure 103 \u2013 Recovery voltage of the first-pole-to-clear at interruption of a three-phase non-effectively earthed capacitive load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 112<\/td>\n 9.3 Capacitor bank switching
Figure 104 \u2013 General circuit for capacitor bank switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 115<\/td>\n 9.4 No-load cable switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 116<\/td>\n Figure 105 \u2013 Typical circuit for no-load cable switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 117<\/td>\n Figure 106 \u2013 Individually screened cable with equivalent circuit
Figure 107 \u2013 Belted cable with equivalent circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 118<\/td>\n Figure 108 \u2013 Cross-section of a high-voltage cable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 122<\/td>\n Figure 109 \u2013 Equivalent circuit for back-to-back cable switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 123<\/td>\n Figure 110 \u2013 Equivalent circuit of a compensated cable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 125<\/td>\n Figure 111 \u2013 Currents when making at voltage maximum and full compensation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 126<\/td>\n Figure 112 \u2013 Currents when making at voltage zero and full compensation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 127<\/td>\n Figure 113 \u2013 Currents when making at voltage maximum and partial compensation
Figure 114 \u2013 Currents when making at voltage zero and partial compensation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 129<\/td>\n 9.5 No-load transmission line switching
Figure 115 \u2013 RMS charging current versus system voltage for different line configurations at 60 Hz <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 130<\/td>\n Figure 116 \u2013 General circuit for no-load transmission line switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 131<\/td>\n Figure 117 \u2013 Recovery voltage peak in the first-pole-to-clear as a function of C1\/C0, delayed interruption of the second phase <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 133<\/td>\n Figure 118 \u2013 Typical current and voltage relations for a compensated line
Figure 119 \u2013 Half cycle of recovery voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 134<\/td>\n Figure 120 \u2013 Energisation of no-load lines: basic phenomena <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 135<\/td>\n 9.6 Voltage factors for capacitive current switching tests
Table 43 \u2013 Voltage factors for single-phase capacitive current switching tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 136<\/td>\n Figure 121 \u2013 Recovery voltage on first-pole-to-clear for three-phase interruption: capacitor bank with isolated neutral <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 137<\/td>\n 9.7 General application considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 138<\/td>\n Figure 122 \u2013 Example of the recovery voltage across a filter bank circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 142<\/td>\n Table 44 \u2013 Inrush current and frequency for switching capacitor banks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 143<\/td>\n Table 45 \u2013 Typical values of inductance between capacitor banks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 144<\/td>\n Figure 123 \u2013 Typical circuit for back-to-back switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 145<\/td>\n Figure 124 \u2013 Example of 123 kV system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 149<\/td>\n Figure 125 \u2013 Voltage and current relations for capacitor switching through interposed transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 151<\/td>\n Figure 126 \u2013 Station illustrating large transient inrush currents through circuit-breakers from parallel capacitor banks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 155<\/td>\n 9.8 Considerations of capacitive currents and recovery voltages under fault conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 156<\/td>\n Figure 127 \u2013 Fault in the vicinity of a capacitor bank <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 157<\/td>\n Figure 128 \u2013 Recovery voltage and current for first-phase-to-clear when the faulted phase is the second phase-to-clear
Figure 129 \u2013 Recovery voltage and current for last-phase-to-clear when the faulted phase is the first-phase-to-clear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 158<\/td>\n Figure 130 \u2013 Basic circuit for shunt capacitor bank switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 159<\/td>\n 9.9 Explanatory notes regarding capacitive current switching tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 161<\/td>\n 10.1 Specification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 162<\/td>\n 10.2 Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 163<\/td>\n Figure 131 \u2013 Example of a tightness coordination chart, TC, for closed pressure systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 164<\/td>\n Table 46 \u2013 Sensitivity and applicability of different leak-detection methods for tightness tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 169<\/td>\n Table 47 \u2013 Results of a calibration procedure prior to a low temperature test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 170<\/td>\n 10.3 Cumulative test method and calibration procedure for type tests on closed pressure systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 173<\/td>\n Table 16 \u2013 Results of the calibration of the enclosure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 174<\/td>\n 11.1 Energy for operation to be used during demonstration of the rated operating sequence during short-circuit making and breaking tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 175<\/td>\n 11.2 Alternative operating mechanisms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 176<\/td>\n Figure 64 \u2013 Comparison of reference and alternative mechanical characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 177<\/td>\n Figure 65 \u2013 Closing operation outside the envelope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 178<\/td>\n Figure 66 \u2013 Mechanical characteristics during a T100s test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 180<\/td>\n 12.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 181<\/td>\n 12.2 Basic considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 182<\/td>\n 12.3 Applicability of type tests at different frequencies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 183<\/td>\n Table 17 \u2013 Temperature rise tests
Table 18 \u2013 Short-time withstand current tests
Table 19 \u2013 Peak withstand current tests
Table 20 \u2013 Short-circuit making current tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 184<\/td>\n Table 21 \u2013 Terminal faults: symmetrical test duties
Table 22 \u2013 Terminal faults: asymmetrical test duties
Table 23 \u2013 Short-line faults
Table 24 \u2013 Capacitive current switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 185<\/td>\n 13.1 General
13.2 Arcing time
13.3 Symmetrical currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 187<\/td>\n Figure 132 \u2013 Interrupting windows and kp value for three-phase fault in a non effectively earthed system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 188<\/td>\n Figure 133 \u2013 Three-phase unearthed fault current interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 189<\/td>\n Figure 134 \u2013 Interrupting windows and kp values for three-phase fault to earth in an effectively earthed system at 800 kV and below
Figure 135 \u2013 Interrupting windows and kp values for three-phase fault to earth in an effectively earthed system above 800 kV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 190<\/td>\n Figure 136 \u2013 Simulation of three-phase to earth fault current interruption at 50 Hz <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 192<\/td>\n 13.4 Asymmetrical currents
Table 48 \u2013 Example of comparison of rated values against application (Ur = 420 kV) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 194<\/td>\n Figure 137 \u2013 Case 1 with interruption by a first pole (blue phase) after minor loop of current with intermediate asymmetry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 195<\/td>\n Figure 138 \u2013 Case 2 with interruption of a last pole-to-clear after a major extended loop of current with required asymmetry and longest arcing time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 196<\/td>\n Figure 139 \u2013 Case 3 with interruption of a last pole-to-clear after a major extended loop of current with required asymmetry but not the longest arcing time
Figure 140 \u2013 Case 4 with interruption by the first pole in the red phase after a major loop of current with required asymmetry and the longest arcing time (for a first-pole-to-clear) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 198<\/td>\n 13.5 Double earth fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 199<\/td>\n Figure 141 \u2013 Representation of a system with a double earth fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 200<\/td>\n Figure 142 \u2013 Representation of circuit with double-earth fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 202<\/td>\n Figure 143 \u2013 Fault currents relative to the three-phase short-circuit current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 203<\/td>\n 13.6 Break time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 204<\/td>\n 14.1 General
Figure 144 \u2013 Principle of synthetic testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 205<\/td>\n 14.2 Current injection methods
Figure 145 \u2013 Typical current injection circuit with voltage circuit in parallel with the test circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 206<\/td>\n Figure 146 \u2013 Injection timing for current injection scheme with the circuit given in Figure 145 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 207<\/td>\n Figure 147 \u2013 Examples of the determination of the interval of significant change of arc voltage from the oscillograms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 208<\/td>\n 14.3 Duplicate transformer circuit
Figure 148 \u2013 Transformer or Skeats circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 210<\/td>\n 14.4 Voltage injection methods
Figure 149 \u2013 Triggered transformer or Skeats circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 211<\/td>\n Figure 150 \u2013 Typical voltage injection circuit diagram with voltage circuit in parallel with the auxiliary circuit-breaker (simplified diagram) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 212<\/td>\n Figure 151 \u2013 TRV waveshapes in a voltage injection circuit with the voltage circuit in parallel with the auxiliary circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 213<\/td>\n 14.5 Current distortion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 214<\/td>\n Figure 152 \u2013 Direct test circuit, simplified diagram
Figure 153 \u2013 Prospective short-circuit current flow
Figure 154 \u2013 Distortion current flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 215<\/td>\n Figure 155 \u2013 Distortion current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 216<\/td>\n Figure 156 \u2013 Simplified circuit diagram for high-current interval <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 218<\/td>\n Figure 157 \u2013 Current and arc voltage characteristics for symmetrical current and constant arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 219<\/td>\n Figure 158 \u2013 Current and arc voltage characteristics for asymmetrical current and constant arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 220<\/td>\n Figure 159 \u2013 Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for symmetrical current and constant arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 221<\/td>\n Figure 160 \u2013 Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for symmetrical current and linearly rising arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 222<\/td>\n Figure 161 \u2013 Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for asymmetrical current and constant arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 223<\/td>\n Figure 162 \u2013 Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for asymmetrical current and linearly rising arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 228<\/td>\n 14.6 Step-by-step method to prolong arcing
Figure 163 \u2013 Typical re-ignition circuit diagram for prolonging arc-duration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 229<\/td>\n 14.7 Examples of the application of the tolerances on the last current loop based on 4.1.2 and 6.109 of IEC 62271-101:2012
Figure 164 \u2013 Typical waveshapes obtained during a symmetrical test using the circuit in Figure 163 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 230<\/td>\n 15.1 General
15.2 Transport and storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 231<\/td>\n 15.3 Installation
15.4 Commissioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 233<\/td>\n 15.5 Operation
15.6 Maintenance
15.7 Corrosion: Information regarding service conditions and recommended test requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 234<\/td>\n 15.8 Electromagnetic compatibility on site <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 235<\/td>\n 16.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 236<\/td>\n 16.2 Shunt reactor switching
Figure 75 \u2013 General case for shunt reactor switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 237<\/td>\n Figure 76 \u2013 Current chopping phenomena <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 238<\/td>\n Figure 77 \u2013 General case first-pole-to-clear representation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 239<\/td>\n Figure 78 \u2013 Single phase equivalent circuit for the first-pole-to-clear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 240<\/td>\n Figure 79 \u2013 Voltage conditions at and after current interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 241<\/td>\n Figure 80 \u2013 Shunt reactor voltage at current interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 242<\/td>\n Table 29 \u2013 Circuit-breaker chopping numbers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 243<\/td>\n Figure 81 \u2013 Re-ignition at recovery voltage peak for a circuit with low supply side capacitance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 244<\/td>\n Figure 82 \u2013 Field oscillogram of switching out a 500 kV 135 Mvar solidly earthed shunt reactor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 245<\/td>\n Figure 83 \u2013 Single-phase equivalent circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 246<\/td>\n Table 30 \u2013 Chopping and re-ignition overvoltage limitation method evaluation for shunt reactor switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 249<\/td>\n 16.3 Motor switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 250<\/td>\n Figure 84 \u2013 Motor switching equivalent circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 251<\/td>\n Table 31 \u2013 Re-ignition overvoltage limitation method evaluation for motor switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 253<\/td>\n 16.4 Unloaded transformer switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 254<\/td>\n Figure 165 \u2013 Unloaded transformer switching circuit representation
Figure 166 \u2013 Transformer side oscillation (left) and circuit-breaker transient recovery voltage (right) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 256<\/td>\n Figure 167 \u2013 Re-ignition loop circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 257<\/td>\n 16.5 Shunt reactor characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 258<\/td>\n Table 32 \u2013 Typical shunt reactor electrical characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 259<\/td>\n 16.6 System and station characteristics
Table 33 \u2013 Connection characteristics for shunt reactor installations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 260<\/td>\n 16.7 Current chopping level calculation
Table 34 \u2013 Capacitance values of various station equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 261<\/td>\n Figure 87 \u2013 Arc characteristic
Figure 88 \u2013 Rizk\u2019s equivalent circuit for small current deviations from steady state <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 262<\/td>\n Figure 89 \u2013 Single phase equivalent circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 263<\/td>\n Figure 90 \u2013 Circuit for calculation of arc instability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 265<\/td>\n 16.8 Application of laboratory test results to actual shunt reactor installations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 267<\/td>\n Table 35 \u2013 Laboratory test parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 268<\/td>\n Figure 91 \u2013 Initial voltage versus arcing time
Figure 92 \u2013 Suppression peak overvoltage versus arcing time
Figure 93 \u2013 Calculated chopped current levels versus arcing time
Figure 94 \u2013 Calculated chopping numbers versus arcing time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 269<\/td>\n Figure 95 \u2013 Linear regression for all test points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 271<\/td>\n Table 36 \u2013 500 kV circuit-breaker TRVs
Table 37 \u2013 1 000 kV circuit-breaker transient recovery voltages
Table 38 \u2013 500 kV circuit-breaker: maximum re-ignition overvoltage values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 272<\/td>\n 16.9 Statistical equations for derivation of chopping and re-ignition overvoltages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 273<\/td>\n 17.1 General
17.2 Normal and special service conditions (refer to Clause 2 of IEC 62271-1:2007)
17.3 Ratings and other system parameters (refer to Clause 4 IEC 62271-1:2007) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 274<\/td>\n 17.4 Design and construction (refer to Clause 5 of IEC 62271-1:2007) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 275<\/td>\n 17.5 Documentation for enquiries and tenders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 276<\/td>\n Annex A (informative) Consideration of DC time constant of the rated short-circuit current in the application of high-voltage circuit-breakers
A.1 General
A.2 Basic theory <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 277<\/td>\n Figure A.1 \u2013 Simplified single-phase circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 278<\/td>\n Figure A.2 \u2013 Percentage DC component in relation to the time interval from the initiation of the short-circuit for the standard time constants and for the alternative special case time constants (from IEC 62271-100) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 279<\/td>\n Table A.1 \u2013 X\/R values
Table A.2 \u2013 Ipeak values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 280<\/td>\n A.3 Network reduction
A.4 Special case time constants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 281<\/td>\n A.5 Guidance for selecting a circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 283<\/td>\n Table A.3 \u2013 Comparison of last major current loop parameters for the first-pole-to-clear, case 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 284<\/td>\n Table A.4 \u2013 Comparison of last major current loop parameters for the first-pole-to-clear, case 1: test parameters used for the reference case set at the minimum permissible values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 286<\/td>\n Table A.5 \u2013 Comparison of last major current loop parameters of the first-pole-to-clear, case 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 287<\/td>\n Table A.6 \u2013 Comparison of last major current loop parameters for the first-pole-to-clear, case 2: test parameters used for the reference case set at the minimum permissible values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 288<\/td>\n Figure A.3 \u2013 First valid operation in case of three-phase test (\u03c4 = 45 ms) on a circuit-breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time
Figure A.4 \u2013 Second valid operation in case of three-phase test on a circuit-breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 289<\/td>\n Figure A.5 \u2013 Third valid operation in case of three-phase test on a circuit-breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 290<\/td>\n Table A.7 \u2013 60 Hz comparison between the integral methodand the “I \u00d7 t” product method
Table A.8 \u2013 50 Hz comparison between the integral methodand the “I \u00d7 t” product method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 291<\/td>\n A.6 Discussion regarding equivalency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 292<\/td>\n Figure A.6 \u2013 Plot of 60 Hz currents with indicated DC time constants
Figure A.7 \u2013 Plot of 50 Hz currents with indicated DC time constants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 293<\/td>\n A.7 Current and TRV waveshape adjustments during tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 294<\/td>\n Table A.9 \u2013 Example showing the test parameters obtained during a three-phase test when the DC time constant of the test circuit is shorter than the DC time constant of the rated short-circuit current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 295<\/td>\n Figure A.8 \u2013 Three-phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current longer than the test circuit time constant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 296<\/td>\n Table A.10 \u2013 Example showing the test parameters obtained during a single-phase test when the DC time constant of the test circuit is longer than the DC time constant of the rated short-circuit current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 297<\/td>\n Figure A.9 \u2013 Single phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current shorter than the test circuit time constant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 298<\/td>\n Table A.11 \u2013 Example showing the test parameters obtained during a single-phase test when the DC time constant of the test circuit is shorter than the DC time constantof the rated short-circuit current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 299<\/td>\n A.8 Conclusions
Figure A.10 \u2013 Single-phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current longer than the test circuit time constant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 300<\/td>\n Annex B (informative) Interruption of currents with delayed zero crossings
B.1 General
B.2 Faults close to major generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 301<\/td>\n Figure B.1 \u2013 Single-line diagram of a power plant substation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 302<\/td>\n Figure B.2 \u2013 Performance chart (power characteristic) of a large generator
Figure B.3 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation: non-simultaneous fault inception <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 303<\/td>\n Figure B.4 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation:Simultaneous fault inception at third phase voltage zero
Figure B.5 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation:Simultaneous fault inception at third phase voltage crest <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 304<\/td>\n Figure B.6 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-simultaneous three-phase fault, underexcitedoperation and failure of a generator transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 305<\/td>\n Figure B.7 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-simultaneous three-phase fault following full load operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 306<\/td>\n Figure B.8 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-simultaneous three-phase fault following no-load operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 307<\/td>\n Figure B.9 \u2013 Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of unsynchronized closing with 90\u00b0 differential angle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 308<\/td>\n Figure B.10 \u2013 Comparison of TRV test curve for out-of-phase (red) and system-source short-circuit (green) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 309<\/td>\n Figure B.11 \u2013 Prospective (inherent) current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 310<\/td>\n Figure B.12 \u2013 Arc voltage-current characteristic for a SF6puffer type interrupter
Figure B.13 \u2013 Assessment function e(t) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 311<\/td>\n Figure B.14 \u2013 Network with contribution from generation and large motor load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 312<\/td>\n Figure B.15 \u2013 Computer simulation of a three-phase simultaneous fault with contribution from generation and large motor load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 313<\/td>\n Figure B.16 \u2013 Short-circuit at voltage zero of phase A (maximum DC component in phase A) with transition from three-phase to two-phase fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 314<\/td>\n Figure B.17 \u2013 Short-circuit at voltage crest of phase B (phase B totally symmetrical) and transition from three-phase to two-phase fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 315<\/td>\n Figure B.18 \u2013 Comparison of current zero crossing with (green) and without (blue) influence of arc voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 316<\/td>\n B.3 Conditions for delayed current zeros on transmission networks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 317<\/td>\n Figure B.19 \u2013 Recording of delayed current zero on A and B phase in the presence of a line-to-earth fault on C phase <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 318<\/td>\n Figure B.20 \u2013 Influence of arc voltage of SF6 vs. air-blast circuit-breaker <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 319<\/td>\n Figure B.21 \u2013 Earthing of the shunt reactor using a a 100 \u03a9 resistor for 200 ms insertion time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 320<\/td>\n Annex C (informative) Parallel switching <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 321<\/td>\n Annex D (informative) Application of current limiting reactors
D.1 General
Figure D.1 \u2013 Current limiting reactor location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 322<\/td>\n D.2 Pole factor considerations
Figure D.2 \u2013 Circuit for kpp calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 323<\/td>\n D.3 Oscillatory component calculation
Figure D.3 \u2013 Variation of kpp with ratio XR\/X1
Figure D.4 \u2013 Oscillatory circuit for the circuit arrangement of Figure D.1(a) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 324<\/td>\n Figure D.5 \u2013 Oscillatory circuit for the circuit arrangement of Figure D.1(b) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 325<\/td>\n Figure D.6 \u2013 Series reactor application case <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 326<\/td>\n Figure D.7 \u2013 TRV calculation circuit
Figure D.8 \u2013 Circuit-breaker with T30 source and varying values of CR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 327<\/td>\n Figure D.9 \u2013 Circuit-breaker TRV with source TRV kaf = 1,4 p.u. (down from 1,54 p.u.) and t3 unchanged at 80 \u00b5s
Figure D.10 \u2013 Circuit-breaker TRV with source TRV kaf unchanged at 1,54 p.u. and t3 increased to 110 \u00b5s <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 328<\/td>\n D.4 Series reactors on shunt capacitor banks
Figure D.11 \u2013 Circuit-breaker TRV with source TRV kaf = 1,4 p.u. and t3 = 110 \u00b5s <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 329<\/td>\n Annex E (informative) Guidance for short-circuit and switching test procedures for metal-enclosed and dead tank circuit-breakers
E.1 General
E.2 General description of special features and possible interactions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 332<\/td>\n Annex F (informative) Current and test-duty combination for capacitive current switching tests
F.1 General
F.2 Combination rules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 333<\/td>\n F.3 Examples
Table F.1 \u2013 Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current switching without any test-duty combination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 334<\/td>\n Figure F.1 \u2013 Test-duty 2 combination for Case 1
Table F.2 \u2013 Case where TD2 covers LC2, CC2 and BC2
Table F.3 \u2013 Combination values for the case where TD2 covers only CC2 and BC2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 335<\/td>\n Figure F.2 \u2013 TD1 combination for case a)
Figure F.3 \u2013 TD1 combination for case b)
Table F.4 \u2013 Combination values for case a): the combined TD1 covers CC1 and BC1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 336<\/td>\n Figure F.4 \u2013 TD1\/TD2 combination for Case 1
Table F.5 \u2013 Combination values for case b): the combined TD1 covers LC1 and CC1
Table F.6 \u2013 Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC1 and BC1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 337<\/td>\n Table F.7 \u2013 Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 145 kV circuit-breaker, tested single-pole according to class C2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 338<\/td>\n Table F.8 \u2013 Neutral connection prescriptions for three-phase capacitive tests
Table F.9 \u2013 Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current switching without any test duty combination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 339<\/td>\n Figure F.5 \u2013 TD2 combination for Case 2
Table F.10 \u2013 Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC2
Table F.11 \u2013 Values for the additional TD2 for covering only BC2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 340<\/td>\n Figure F.6 \u2013 TD1 combination
Figure F.7 \u2013 TD1\/TD2 combination for Case 2
Table F.12 \u2013 Values for the three a TD1 that shall be performed since no combination is possible <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 341<\/td>\n Table F.13 \u2013 Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC1
Table F.14 \u2013 Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 36 kV circuit-breaker tested under three-phase conditions according to class C2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 342<\/td>\n Table F.15 \u2013 Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current switching without any test-duty combination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 343<\/td>\n Figure F.8 \u2013 TD2 combination for Case 3
Figure F.9 \u2013 TD1 combination for Case 3
Table F.16 \u2013 Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 344<\/td>\n Table F.17 \u2013 Combination values for a TD1 covering LC1, CC1 and BC1
Table F.18 \u2013 Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 245 kV circuit-breaker, tested single-phase according to class C1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 345<\/td>\n Annex G (informative) Grading capacitors
G.1 Grading capacitors
Figure G.1 \u2013 Equivalent circuit of a grading capacitor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 346<\/td>\n Figure G.2 \u2013 Equivalent circuit for determination of tan \u03b4, power factor and quality factor
Figure G.3 \u2013 Vector diagram of capacitor impedances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 349<\/td>\n Annex H (informative) Circuit-breakers with opening resistors
H.1 General
H.2 Background of necessity of overvoltage limitation
Figure H.1 \u2013 Typical system configuration for breaking with opening resistors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 350<\/td>\n H.3 Basic theory on the effect of opening resistors
Figure H.2 \u2013 Circuit diagram used for the RLC method, ramp current injection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 351<\/td>\n Figure H.3 \u2013 Relationship between TRV peak and critical damping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 352<\/td>\n Figure H.4 \u2013 Approximation by superimposed ramp elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 354<\/td>\n Figure H.5 \u2013 Results of calculations done with RLC method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 356<\/td>\n Figure H.6 \u2013 Example of a calculation of the TRV across the main interrupter for T100 using 700 \u03a9 opening resistors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 357<\/td>\n Figure H.7 \u2013 Example of a calculation of the TRV across the main interrupter for T10 using 700 \u03a9 opening resistors
Figure H.8 \u2013 Typical TRV waveshapes in the time domain using the Laplace transform <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 358<\/td>\n H.4 Review of TRV for circuit-breakers with opening resistors for various interrupting duties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 359<\/td>\n Figure H.9 \u2013 TRV plots for resistor interrupter for a circuit-breaker with opening resistor in the case of terminal faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 360<\/td>\n Figure H.10 \u2013 Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption \u2013Network 1 without opening resistor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 361<\/td>\n Figure H.11 \u2013 Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption \u2013Network 1 with opening resistor (700 \u03a9) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 362<\/td>\n Figure H.12 \u2013 Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption \u2013Network 2 without opening resistor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 363<\/td>\n Figure H.13 \u2013 Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption \u2013Network 2 with opening resistor (700 \u03a9)
Table H.1 \u2013 Summary of TRV between main and resistor interrupters after out-of-phase interruption with\/without opening resistor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 364<\/td>\n Table H.2 \u2013 TRV on main interrupter with opening resistor for T100, T60, T30, T10, OP and SLF Ur = 1 100 kV, Isc = 50 kA, R = 700 \u03a9
Table H.3 \u2013 TRV on resistor interrupter for T100s, T60, T30, T10, OP2 and SLF with opening resistor of 700 \u03a9 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 365<\/td>\n Figure H.14 \u2013 Typical recovery voltage waveshape of capacitive current switching on a circuit-breaker equipped with opening resistors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 366<\/td>\n H.5 Performance to be verified
Figure H.15 \u2013 Recovery voltage waveforms across the resistor interrupter during capacitive current switching by a circuit-breaker with opening resistors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 367<\/td>\n Figure H.16 \u2013 Timing sequence of a circuit-breaker with opening resistor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 368<\/td>\n Figure H.17 \u2013 Voltage waveshapes for line-charging current breaking operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 369<\/td>\n H.6 Time sequence of main and resistor interrupters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 370<\/td>\n H.7 Current carrying performance
H.8 Dielectric performance during breaking tests
H.9 Characteristics of opening resistors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n 371<\/td>\n Table H.4 \u2013 Example of calculated values on main and resistor interrupter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 372<\/td>\n Annex I (informative) Circuit-breaker history <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 373<\/td>\n Figure I.1 \u2013 Manufacturing timelines of different circuit-breaker types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit-breakers<\/b><\/p>\n
\n\n
\n Published By<\/td>\n Publication Date<\/td>\n Number of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n 2018<\/td>\n 384<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":417210,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[516,2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-417200","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-29-130-10","7":"product_cat-bsi","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"sold-individually","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"purchasable","14":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/417200","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/417210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=417200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=417200"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=417200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}