The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide examples to illustrate current practice of life cycle impact assessment according to ISO 14044:2006. These examples are only a sample of all possible examples that could satisfy the provisions of ISO 14044. They offer “a way” or “ways” rather than the “unique way” of applying ISO 14044. They reflect the key elements of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase of the LCA. The examples presented in this Technical Report are not exclusive and other examples exist to illustrate the methodological issues described.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8<\/td>\n | Scope Organization of examples in this Technical Report Mandatory and optional elements Scope of examples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | Organization of document and route map <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | Elements of LCIA as illustrated in the examples Overview Mandatory elements Selection of impacts categories, category indicators and cha <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Identification of possible indicators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | Environmental relevance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | Choice of impact categories Assignment of LCI results (classification) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | Calculation of category indicator results (characterization) Optional elements (related to ISO\u00a014044:2006, 4.4.3) Calculating the magnitude of category indicator results rela Grouping: sorting and ranking of the impact categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | Weighting Data quality analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Examples of the mandatory elements of LCIA General description Example 1 – Use of two different materials for gas pipelines Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char Selection of impact categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Selection of the indicator(s) Selection of characterization models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Identification of characterization factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO\u00a014044:2006, Calculation of category indicator results (characterization) General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Example 2 \u2013 Two acidification impact category indicators Overview \u2013 Examples illustrating the effect of selecting dif Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char Describing the environmental mechanism for an impact categor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Indicator models and characterization factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Selection of the characterization model and characterization Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO\u00a014044:2006, Calculation of category indicator results (characterization) Calculation of the LCI results into the indicator result <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | Example 3 \u2013 Impacts of Greenhouses Gas (GHG) emissions and c Overview Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Selection of impact categories Ensuring impact categories are consistent with the goal and <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Considering the LCA study purpose and identifying the audien Reviewing the LCI system functions, boundaries and unit proc Identifying a comprehensive set of environmental issues rela <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Selecting the impact categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Describing the environmental mechanism for the impact catego Selection of indicators Selection of characterization models and factors The IPCC model for radioactive forcing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | The Calvin-Benson model for carbon sequestration Characterization model for the storing of sequestered carbon <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | Refining the characterization model and factors Characterization model for biomass fuels \u2013 Net-zero C emissi Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO\u00a014044:2006, Classification of inventory results into impact categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | Calculation of category indicator results (characterization) C sequestration and sinks and Net -zero for biomass fuel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | C emissions from fossil fuels and landfill methane <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | Impact indicator results profile Preliminary analysis and conclusions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Example 4 \u2013 Endpoint category indicators assessment Overview Concept of category indicators (ISO\u00a014044:2006, 4.4.2.1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char Selection of impact categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Ensuring impact categories are consistent with goal and scop Considering the LCA study purpose and use identifying the au Reviewing LCI system functions, boundaries and unit processe Identifying a comprehensive set of environmental issues rela Selecting the impact categories Describing the environmental mechanism for an impact categor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Selection of indicators Identify possible indicators Reviewing needs and criteria for the indicator <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Selected indicator Selection of characterization model and characterization fac <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Example 5 \u2013 Choice of material for a wind spoiler in car des Overview \u2013 Example of the selection of impact categories str <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Selection of impact categories, category indicators and char <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Considering spatial and temporal differentiation of characte Stating the environmental relevance of the category indicato Assignment of LCI results (classification) (ISO\u00a014044:2006, Calculation of category indicator results (characterization) The selection and use of characterization factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Aggregation of the converted LCI results into the indicator Examples of the optional elements of LCIA Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Example 1 continued Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results Overview \u2013 reviewing needs, criteria and reference informati Selection of one or more types of reference system to be use Calculation of normalization factors and results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | Description of the effect on the study results Example 2 continued Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results Examples of the transformation of indicator results using se <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Example 6 \u2013 Normalization of LCIA indicator results for the Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Determining the need for normalization (referring to goal an Reviewing needs, criteria and reference information <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Selection of one or more types of reference information to b <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Calculation of normalization results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Description of the effect on the study results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Example 7 \u2013 Normalization in a waste management study Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results Overview Determining the needs for normalization (referring to goal a Reviewing needs, criteria and reference information <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Selection of one or more reference systems to be used <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Calculation of standardized result <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Description of the effect on the study results Risk of this type of communication <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Example 1 continued Grouping: description of the effect on the study results (IS Weighting: selecting weighting methods and determining weigh Calculation of weighting results Sensitivity analysis on weighting results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Example 5 continued Weighting (ISO\u00a014044:2006, 4.4.3.4) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Example 8 \u2013 A technique for the determination of weighting f Weighting (ISO\u00a014044:2006, 4.4.3.4) Overview \u2013 Example of a technique for the determination of w Weighting method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Determining weighting factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Impacts categories Endpoints Weighting factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Conclusion Example 1 continued Additional LCIA data quality analysis (ISO\u00a014044:2006, 4.4.4 Gravity analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | uncertainty analysis sensitivity analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | Example 5 continued Additional LCIA data quality analysis (ISO\u00a014044:2006, 4.4.4 Overview Uncertainty analysis Sensitivity analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | Example 1 continued Conclusions, limitations and recommendations (ISO\u00a014044:2006 LCIA intended to be used in comparative assertions intended Reporting (ISO\u00a014044:2006, Clause 5) Executive summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | Data and calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | Presentation of results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 88<\/td>\n | Discussion and conclusions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to impact assessment situations<\/b><\/p>\n |