IES RP 8 2021

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ANSI/IES RP-8-21 Lighting Roadway and Parking Facilities

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IES	2021

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Description

This document updates the 2018 version. During the review and compilation of its many parts, the Roadway Lighting Committee revisited practices on design, installation, and maintenance methods of roadway lighting systems. The team incorporated new or revised methodologies, design concepts and procedures, and included advancements in international research on lighting concepts. In preparing this document the team sourced standards from around the world and applied the most applicable proven practices. This document comprises two main parts: Part 1 – Fundamentals includes information on lighting theory, calculations, obtrusive light, the design process, system components, standards and codes, the use of computer software in roadway lighting design, and maintenance and operations. Part 2 – Design applies the principles and information presented in Part 1 to specific applications, including roadways, interchanges, intersections, tunnels, and toll plazas. Off-roadway facilities are also included, such as pedestrian and bicycle pathways that are adjacent to the right of way, weigh scales, rest areas, and roadway signs. Also included: Annexes with supplemental information of interest to lighting professionals A glossary of roadway-related lighting terms References at the end of each chapter and annex, as applicable

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover
4	Copyright
5	DISCLAIMER
6	Officers and members of the Roadway Lighting Committee
7	CONTENTS
23	Introduction to This Recommended Practice History of the Document
24	How to Use This Recommended Practice
29	Chapter 1 Introduction to Roadway Lighting 1.1 Why Light? Personal security: Economics: Aesthetics: 1.2 Human Factors
30	1-2 Chapter 3 1.3 The Value of Lighting
31	1-3 Section 1.7 Alternatives to Lighting). 1.3.1 The Key Benefit – A Reduction in Crashes. Section 1.3.2.
32	1-4 Section 1.7 Alternatives to Lighting). 1.3.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Roadway Lighting. 1.3.3 The Need for Good Design. Section 3.1.6 Light Loss Factors), Chapter 4).
33	1-5 1.4 Lighting Warrants Sections 1.3.1 1.3.3). Section 1.7 Alternatives to Lighting). 1.5 Energy Conservation Section 1.3.3 The Need for Good Design. Chapter 4 – Obtrusive Light Section 6.4.2 – Special Considerations for Roadway Lighting Luminaires. 1.6 Environmental Factors Section 2.6.3 Luminaire Classification System and BUG Ratings).
34	1-6 1.7 Alternatives to Lighting Figure 1-1.
35	1-7 1.8 Reference Lighting Organizations American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO): American National Standards Institute (ANSI): Federal Highway Administration (FHWA): Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE): International Commission on Illumination (CIE): International Dark-Sky Association (IDA):
36	1-8 Transportation Association of Canada (TAC): Transportation Research Board (TRB) and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP):
37	1-9
41	2-1 Chapter 2 Vision and Fundamental Concepts 2.1 Light and the Visible Spectrum Figure 2-1). Figure 2-2
42	2-2 Section 2.5.4 Spectral Effects and Mesopic Vision Figure 2-2, Section 2.2.4 Section 2.3.4 2.2 Basic Principles of Vision Figure 2-3
43	2-3 2.2.1 Structure of the Eye. Figure 2-4 2.2.2 Function of the Iris and Pupil. 2.2.3 Function of the Lens. 2.2.4 Function of the Retina. Figure 2-5
44	2-4 Figure 2-6. Figure 2-7.
45	2-5 Section 2.3.4.1 Limitations of the Curve.) 2.2.5 Adaptation. Section 2.1). 2.2.6 Accommodation. Figure 2-8. 2.3 Visibility Fundamentals and Principles
46	2-6 2.3.1 Contrast. Figure 2-9. Figure 2-10,
47	2-7 2.3.2 Visual Acuity. 2.3.3 Glare. Section 2.2). Sections 10.5 11.7. 2.3.4 Spectral Effects and Mesopic Vision. Chapter 10
48	2-8 Section 2.1 Light and the Visible Spectrum. Figure 2-11), Section 2.1, Figure 2-12
49	2-9 Figure 2-11. Figure 2-13 Chapter 10. 2.3.5 Effects of Age on Vision.
50	2-10 Chapter 17 Annex G 2.4 Light Sources Section 6.3 Light Sources and Lamps. 2.5 Measurements 2.5.1 Measurement Considerations. Figure 2-14. Sections 3.4.1 3.8
51	2-11 Annex A Section 2.5.3 – Principles of Laboratory Photometry. 2.5.2 Units and Terms. Figure 2-15 Section 2.5.2.4).
52	2-12 2.5.3 Principles of Laboratory Photometry. Figure 2-16. 2.5.4 Photometric Test Reports.
53	2-13 Figure 2-17). Figure 2-17) Figure 2-18 Figure 2-19 Section 2.6. Figure 2-20, Sections 3.4.1 3.8, Figure 2-20
54	2-14
55	2-15 Figure 2-20.
56	2-16
57	2-17 Section 3.1.6 – Light Loss Factors 2.5.5 Relative and Absolute Photometry. 2.6 Luminaire Classification Systems Sections 2.6.1 2.6.2, Section 2.6.3.
58	2-18 Figures 2-21 2-22. Ratio of Transverse Distance to Mounting Height Ratio of Longitudinal Distance to Mounting Height Transverse Roadway Lines (TRL) Longitudinal Roadway Lines (LRL)
59	2-19 2.6.1 Longitudinal Light Distribution (S, M, L). Figure 2-23.)
60	2-20 Figures 2-21 2-22.) 2.6.2 Transverse Light Distribution (Types I – VS). Figures 2-21 2-22) Type I: Type I, Four-Way: Type V: Type VS: Type II: Type II, Four-Way: Type III:
61	2-21 Type IV: 2.6.3 The IES Luminaire Classification System (LCS) and BUG Ratings. Figure 2-24, Section 2.6.2)
62	2-22 Figure 2-25). Sections 2.5.3 2.5.5 Figure 2-26)
63	2-23 Forward light low (FL): Forward light mid (FM): Forward light high (FH): Forward light very high (FVH): Figure 2-27) Back light low (BL): Back light mid (BM): Back light high (BH): Back light very high (BVH):
64	2-24 Figure 2-28) Uplight low (UL): Uplight high (UH): 2.6.4 Variations and Comments.
65	2-25
66	2-26
69	3-1 Lighting. 3.1.3 Pedestrian Conflict. Chapter 11 – Street Lighting, 3.1.4 Lamp or Luminaire Lumens. Sections 2.5.3 2.5.5 3.1.5 Pavement Classification. Section 3.3.1.) Chapter 3 Calculations 3.1 Calculation Elements 3.1.1 Road Geometrics. 3.1.2 Road Type. Chapter 10 – Highway and Interchange Section 3.1) Sections 3.2 3.9)
70	3-2 Table 3-1. Table 3-1 Section 3.3.1). 3.1.6 Light Loss Factors (LLF).
71	3-3 Figures 3-1a, 3-1b, 3-1c): Figure 3-1a 3-1b Figure 3-1c).
72	3-4 Figure 3-2. Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3.
73	3-5 Figure 3-3 Average Dirt Depreciation Rate vs. LED Optic Age, yrs.
74	3-6
75	3-7 Chapter 9 Section 3.2.2 – Accuracy of Calculations. Section 3.1.6.1 3.1.7 Luminaire Position and Orientation. 3.1.8 Impact of Vehicle Headlights. Figures 3-4a 3-4d). 3.1.9 Change in Physical Surroundings. 3.1.10 Impact of Trees on Lighting.
76	3-8 Figure 3-5
77	3-9 Section 9.2.7
78	3-10 3.2 Roadway Lighting Metrics – General Information Figure 3-6(d) Section 3.2.3.1.1) Chapters 10 11. Figure 3-6(d) Section 3.2.3.1.1. Section 3.3
79	3-11 Chapter 8 – Computer Applications, 3.2.1 Assumed and Standard Conditions. Chapters 10 11, Section 3.2.3.1.2). Section 3.3.1. Figure 3-6 (Section 3.2.3.1.1). 3.2.2 Accuracy of Calculations. Section 3.1.6) 3.2.3 Selection of a Grid and Luminaire Location Geometry for Calculations.
80	3-12 Section 3.3.5.) Section 3.2 Roadway Lighting Metrics – General Information). Figure 3-6). Section 3.2 Roadway Lighting Metrics – General Information) Figures 3-6(a) 3-6(d): Section 3.2.3.1.2). Chapters 10 11.
81	3-13
82	3-14 Chapter 12, Section 12.3.2. Figure 3-7).
83	3-15 Figure 3-7.) Figure 3-7. Figure 3-8.) Section 3.2
84	3-16 Figure 3-10 Chapter 12 3.3 Calculation of Roadway Pavement Luminance Annex A. Section 3.2 Section 3.3.1 Section 3.3.4). Figure 3-11 Section 3.3.3). Section 3.2.3.1.2, 3.3.1 The Tables. Figure 3-11 Section 3.3.3). Tables 3-2 3-5.
85	3-17
86	3-18
87	3-19
88	3-20
89	3-21 3.3.2 Pavement Classification Systems. 3.3.3 Formulas and Units. Figure 3-11. Section 3.3.5. 3.3.4 Summary of Pavement Luminance Data. 3.3.5 Example of Determining Valid LuminairePoint Combinations. Figure 3-12): Figure 3-13.
90	3-22
91	3-23
92	3-24 Figure 3-14. Table 3-6 Figure 3-15 Figure 3-14
93	3-25 3.4 Calculation of Roadway Pavement Illuminance Part 2 – Design.
94	3-26 3.4.1 Formulas and Units. Figure 3-11 (Section 3.3.3). 3.4.2 Summary of Pavement Illuminance Data. 3.5 Uniformity Ratios 3.6 Two Metrics of Glare in Roadway Lighting 3.6.1 Veiling Luminance. Table 10-1 Table 11-1 Chapters 10 11, Figure 3-11, Section 3.3.3. Section 3.3.3 Figure 3-16). Sections 3.3 3.4.
95	3-27 Section 3.6.1.1 Section 3.6.1 Table 3-6 3.6.2 Threshold Increment (TI).
96	3-28 3.7 Small Target Visibility (STV) Figure 3-17 3.7.1 Calculating Target Luminance. Figure 3-18. Sections 3.3 3.4. 3.7.2 Calculating Target Visibility.
97	3-29 Figure 3-16. Section 3.7.1 Section 3.3. Section 3.6.1.
98	3-30 3.7.3 Summary of Data. Additional Reading 3.8 Vertical Illuminance Section 3.4), Figure 3-19,
99	3-31 3.9 Tunnel Calculations 3.9.1 General. Section 3.4 – Illuminance. Chapter 14, Section 14.4) Chapter 14, Section 14.4.6) Section 3.1.6 Section 3.4).
100	3-32 Section 3.3), 3.9.2 Selection of a Grid for Tunnel Lighting Calculations. Figure 3-20 Figure 3-21
101	3-33 Figures 3-20 3-21. Chapter 14, Section 14.4.4.
102	3-34 Section 3.2 Figures 3-20 3-21. 3.9.3 Computation of the Direct Component. Sections 3.3 3.5). Figure 3-22 Figure 3-23(a) Figure 3-22 Figure 3-23(b), 3.9.4 Discretization of the Tunnel Surfaces.
103	3-35 3.9.5 Computation of the Indirect Component of Illuminance. Figure 3-24 Figure 3-25
104	3-36 (3-1) (3-2) (3-3) (3-4) (3-5) Equations 3-3, 3-4, 3-5 is (3-6) (3-7) 3.9.6 Computation of Surface Element Luminance and Reflected Intensity. (3-8a) Equation 3-8a Equation 3-3 (3-8b)
105	3-37 (3-9) Figure 3-26 (3-10) (3-11) (3-12) (3-13) Equation 3-10, Equations 3-8a, 3-8b, 3-9, Sections 3.3 3.5. 3.9.7 Computation of the Indirect Component of Veiling Luminance.
106	3-38 Figure 3-27. (3-14) (3-15) (3-16) (3-17) Equation 3-14, Equations 3-8 and 3-9,
107	3-39
108	3-40
109	3-41
113	4-1 Chapter 4 Obtrusive Light 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Defining Obtrusive Light Figure 4-1 Section 4.8), Section 4.9).
114	4-2 4.3 Light Trespass Section 4.5), Figure 4-2). Section 4.3.1).
115	4-3 4.3.1 Recommended Acceptable Levels of Spill Light. Table 4-1. Table 4-2.
116	4-4 4.3.2 Measurement and Calculation of Spill Light. Table 4-1 (Section 4.3.1). Figure 4-3. Table 4-2 (Section 4.3.1), 4.3.3 Mitigation of Spill Light. Figure 4-4. Table 4-2,
117	4-5 4.4 Glare Chapter 2 – Vision and Fundamental Concepts 4.4.1 Calculation and Measurement of Offsite Glare. Section 3.6). 4.4.2 Mitigation of Glare. Section 2.6.1), Chapter 10 – Roadway and Interchanges Chapter 6, Section 6.2.4 – High-Mast Lighting 4.5 Sky Glow
118	4-6 4.5.1 Sources of Sky Glow.
119	4-7 Figures 4-5a 4-5b, Section 4.4.2 Mitigation of Glare.) Figure 4-6 4.5.2 Sky Glow Models. Figure 4-7. 4.4.3 Mitigation of Sky Glow. Section 2.6.1). In
120	4-8 4.6 Obtrusive-Light Regulations
121	4-9 4.7 Impacts From Off-Roadway Obtrusive Light 4.7.1 Some Conditions Wherein Obtrusive Light Might Be Created for Road Users. Temporary work zone lighting. Chapter 19. Chapter 19 Area lighting. Advertising signs. 4.7.2 Mitigating the Effects of Obtrusive Light From Off-Roadway Sources. Table 4-2 (Section 4.3.1). 4.8 Lighting Impacts on Species and Habitat
122	4-10 4.9 Potential Health Impacts of Lighting on Humans 4.10 Impacts of Exterior Lighting on Airports
123	4-11
127	5-1 Chapter 5 The Planning and Design Process 5.1 Typical Situations That May Require Lighting Design Land development, including new roadways. Upgrades to existing roadways with geometric modifications. Upgrades to existing roadways without geometric modifications.
128	5-2 Retrofits to an existing roadway lighting system. Chapter 6, Section 6.3.1 Section 6.5.2) 5.2 Design Issues 5.2.1 Safety. Section 1.3 – The Value of Lighting
129	5-3 Section 6.9.3 – Clear Zone Requirements. Chapter 2 – Vision and Fundamental Concepts, 5.2.2 Cost. Section 5.5 – Calculating Costs. 5.2.3 Optimization of Lighting. Section 6.10 – Roadway Lighting Control Systems.
130	5-4 5.2.4 Aesthetics. 5.2.5 Environmental Considerations. Vehicle-wildlife conflict areas. Obtrusive light impacts. Chapter 4 Obtrusive Light 5.2.6 Site Conditions. The presence of trees and bushes. Severe weather conditions.
131	5-5 Section 1.6) Coastal areas. Shadows. Figure 5-1. Section 2.2.5 Adaptation. Figure 5-1.
132	5-6 5.2.7 Collision Data and Investigations. 5.2.8 Adaptive Lighting. Chapter 6, Section 6.10. 5.2.9 Prioritizing.
133	5-7 5.3 Lighting Master Plans Figure 5-2.
134	5-8
135	5-9 5.4 The Design Process Figure 5-3
136	5-10 5.4.1 Perform Pre-design. Identify applicable standards. Understand roadway geometrics and utilities. Section 6.9.3 Determine architectural or urban design requirements. Chapter 6 System Components. Section 5.3.
137	5-11 Section 3.1.9 Change in Physical Surroundings.) Perform a condition assessment of existing equipment. Consider owner-supplied materials. Chapter 14 5.4.2 Investigate Site Conditions. Availability of power. Proximity to aircraft landing facilities. Proximity to railroads. Chapter 13 At-Grade Railway Crossings. Presence of overhead distribution and transmission lines.
138	5-12 Environmental issues. Chapter 4 – Obtrusive Light) Maintenance and operations considerations. Chapter 9 Maintenance and Operations). Roadside safety considerations. Chapter 6, Section 6.9.3). Historical safety performance. 5.4.3 Define Lighting Design Criteria. Lighting levels and uniformity. Pavement type and reflection factor. Section 3.1.5 Partial or full lighting. Lighting bylaws.
139	5-13 5.4.4 Perform Lighting Design. Chapter 8 Computer Applications. Light source. Section 6.3 Light Sources, Total light loss factor (LLF). Section 3.1.6. Pole type, pole height, and luminaire arm length. Section 6.2 Pole offset. Section 6.9.2 Section 6.9.3 Luminaire type. Section 6.2 Luminaire wattage and lumen output. Section 2.4 Section 6.3 Luminaire optical distribution and BUG rating. Section 2.6.3 – Luminaire Classification System and BUG Ratings. Pole spacing. Chapter 10 – Highway and Interchange Lighting Stage 1 – Optimization
140	5-14 Chapter 10), Section 3.1 – Calculation Elements.) Stage 2 – Design Chapter 8 – Computer Applications.) Chapter 3 – Calculations). Section 4.3.1 – Recommended Acceptable Levels of Spill Light. Figure 5-4.
141	5-15 Section 4.2.1. 5.4.5 Perform Electrical Design Section 6.6 Electrical Distribution. Electric service requirements. Lighting control cabinet requirements.
142	5-16 5.4.6 Perform Geotechnical and Structural Design.
143	5-17 Section 6.8 – Foundations Section 6.9 – Poles and Related Hardware. 5.4.7 Prepare Plans, Specifications, and Estimates (PS&E).
144	5-18 Class A cost estimate. Class B cost estimate. Class C cost estimate. Class D cost estimate. 5.4.8 Bid or Tender.
145	5-19 Design-bid-build (DBB). Design-build (DB). 5.4.9 Construction. 5.4.10 Post-construction: Drawings.
146	5-20 5.4.11 Post-construction: Integration and Commissioning. Chapter 6, Section 6.10.4. 5.5 Calculating Costs Section 5.2.2, 5.5.1 Capital Cost. Section 5.4.7 — Prepare Plans, Specifications and Estimates. 5.5.2 Operating Costs.
147	5-21 5.5.3 Life Cycle Cost. 5.5.4 Life-Cycle Cost Calculation Example. Figures 5-5 5-6. 5.6 Verification of Lighting Levels 5.6.1 Verification by Calculation. 5.6.2 Field Verification.
148	5-22
149	5-23
150	5-24 Section 3.2 Roadway Lighting Metrics – General Information. 5.6.3 Electrical System Verifications. 5.6.4 Field Verification of Lighting Performance. Annex A – Street, Highway, Tunnel, and Parking Area Field Measurements.
151	5-25
155	6-1 Sections 5.2.2 5.5). Chapter 6 Lighting System Components 6.1 Selecting and Specifying Products 6.1.1 Sources for Information on Available Equipment. 6.1.2 The Importance of Quality in Product Selection. Section 5.5. 6.1.3 Other Key Selection Criteria. Chapter 14 Chapter 18.
156	6-2 Certification. Luminaire photometric performance. Luminaire BUG rating. Section 2.6.3). Durability. Aesthetics. Availability. Maintenance requirements. Chapter 9). Ease of installation. Operations cost. 6.1.4 Capital (Supply) Cost in Product Selection.
157	6-3 Sections 5.2.2 5.5 6.2 Types of Lighting and Mounting Chapter 14; Chapter 18. 6.2.1 Bollard Lighting. Figure 6-1. 6.2.2 Decorative Lighting. Figure 6-2.
158	6-4 6.2.3 Horizontal Arm-Mounted Lighting. Figure 6-3.
159	6-5 Figure 6-3 Figure 6-4. Chapter 4). Section 6.9.3). Figure 6-5.
160	6-6 6.2.4 High-Mast Lighting. Figure 6-6. Improved vehicle safety.
161	6-7 Improved visibility. Less clutter. Ease of maintenance. Design and construction. Wasted light and inefficiency. Potential increase in offsite impacts. Figure 6-7.
162	6-8 Additional equipment may be added to the poles. Figure 6-8.
163	6-9 Section 2.6.3) Figure 6-9, Section 6.2.7 Floodlighting
164	6-10 Figure 6-8 Section 6.2.4.1). Top-latching units. Non-latching units. Bottom-latching units. Figure 6-10).
165	6-11 Figure 6-11. Figure 6-12. Section 5.4.4 – Perform Lighting Design.
166	6-12 6.2.5 Wall Mounted Lighting. Figure 6-13. Figure 6-14. Chapter 11
167	6-13 6.2.6 Roadway Lighting on Utility Poles. Figure 6-15. Installation by the utility. Installation by the roadway owner. Installation by others.
168	6-14 6.2.7 Floodlighting. Section 6.2.4). Figure 6-16. Figures 6-17a, 6-17b, 6-17c.
169	6-15 6.2.8 In-Roadway Lights. Figure 6-18)
170	6-16 Section 6.2.8.2. 6.3 Light Sources Section 2.4 – Light Sources, Luminous efficacy: Light source physical characteristics:
171	6-17 Figure 6-19.)
172	6-18 Figure 6-20. Section 2.3.4 – Spectral Effects, Section 10.5.2. 6.3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED). Figure 6-21.
173	6-19 6.3.2 High Intensity Discharge (HID). Figure 6-22. High pressure sodium (HPS).
174	6-20 Probe-start metal halide (MH). Pulse-start metal halide. 6.3.3 Fluorescent. Figure 6-23. Figure 6-24
175	6-21 Figure 6-25. Figure 6-26.
176	6-22 6.3.4 Induction (E). Figure 6-27). 6.3.5 Plasma. Figure 6-28. Figure 6-29).
177	6-23 6.3.6 Low Pressure Sodium (LPS). 6.3.7 Incandescent. 6.4 Luminaires Section 6.3).
178	6-24 6.4.1 Luminaire Photometric Performance. Section 2.5 – Measurements Chapter 8 – Computer Applications 6.4.2 Special Considerations for Roadway Luminaires. Section 7.3 – North American Standards Organizations.) 6.4.3 Alternative Power Sources.
179	6-25 6.5 Luminaire Components 6.5.1 Housings. Annex I – Environmental Ratings for Enclosures 6.5.2 LED System Components. Figure 6-30.
180	6-26 Figure 6-32.) Section 6.10 – Control Systems
181	6-27 6.5.3 HID and Fluorescent System Components Ballast factor (BF): Section 3.1.6 – Light Loss Factors (LLF). Power factor (PF): Section 6.6.5.1 Crest factor (CF): Total harmonic distortion (THD): Section 6.6.5.2
182	6-28 6.6 Electrical Distribution Section 6.4.3, Section 5.5) 6.6.1 Electrical System Components. Figure 6-33).
183	6-29 6.6.2 Power Supply. Figures 6-34 6-35. 6.6.3 Metering.
184	6-30 Figure 6-36. Section 6.10 Control Systems 6.6.4 Power Distribution Cabinets. Figure 6-37, Figure 6-38.
185	6-31 6.6.5 Power Quality Considerations.
186	6-32 6.7 Wiring Figure 6-39 6.7.1 Typical Conductor Types. 6.7.2 Overcurrent Protection. 6.7.3 Voltage Drop and Fault Current Calculations. 6.7.4 Grounding and Bonding.
187	6-33 6.7.5 Conduit. Figure 6-40. 6.7.6 Junction Boxes. Figure 6-41. 6.8 Foundations
188	6-34 6.8.1 Concrete Foundations. Figure 6-42. Figure 6-43. 6.8.2 Steel Screw-In Type Foundations.
189	6-35 Figure 6-44. 6.8.3 Direct-Burial Poles. 6.9 Poles and Related Hardware 6.9.1 Pole Materials. Figure 6-45. Steel poles.
190	6-36 Aluminum poles. Concrete poles. Fiberglass poles. Wood poles. Section 6.9.4. Section 6.8.1). Section 6.8.2). Section 6.8.3),
191	6-37 6.9.2 Pole Placement (Spacing). Obstruction of view. Height restrictions. Medians.
192	6-38 Gore areas. Maintenance considerations. 6.9.3 Clear Zone Requirements. 6.9.4 Breakaway Bases. 6.9.5 Pole Attachment Hardware. Figure 6-45.
193	6-39 6.10 Roadway Lighting Control Systems Annex B 6.10.1 Control Technologies
194	6-40 Figures 6-46, 6-47, 6-48
195	6-41 Section 6.10.1.1.2 Part-Night Photocontrols). Section 6.10.1.2. Section 6.10.1.2).
196	6-42 Section 6.10.1.2) Figure 6-49. Figure 6-50).
197	6-43 Figure 6-51 Chapter 7
198	6-44 Section 6.10.1.2.2). 6.10.2 Adaptive Lighting Design.
199	6-45 Reducing initial light output to maintained levels. Section 3.1.6) Dimming areas that may be over-lighted. Dimming to increase system life. Match light output to pedestrian activity levels.
200	6-46 Chapter 11, Section 11.7). Figure 6-52 Section 11.6.3])
201	6-47 Chapter 11, Section 11.7.
202	6-48 Chapter 10 – Highway and Interchange Lighting. Chapter 1, Section 1.6). Chapter 11, Section 11.6.3, Chapter 14 – Tunnel Lighting. Chapter 8).
203	6-49 Annex A – Street, Highway, Tunnel, and Parking Area Field Measurements. 6.10.3 Adaptive Lighting Operations.
204	6-50
205	6-51 6.10.4 Integration and Commissioning.
206	6-52 Annex B, Section B.11)
207	6-53 Annex B, Sections B.3 B.4. Annex B
208	6-54
209	6-55
212	References for Chapter 7
213	7-1 Chapter 7 Standards and Codes 7.1 Local, Regional, and National Codes 7.2 Origins of Standards Figure 7-1,
214	7-2 Table 7-1 Chapter 6, Section 6.10.4.1 7.3 North American Standards Organizations 7.3.1 Canadian Organizations. Chapter 5 – The
215	7-3 Planning and Design Process Chapter 6 – System Components. 7.3.2 U.S. Organizations.
216	7-4 7.3.3 Mexican Organizations. NOM-013-ENER. NOM-031-ENER. The National Program for Roadway Lighting of the CONUEE The Handbook (or Code) from the Federal Secretary of Transportation (SCT): NOM-001-ENER, 7.3.4 Multinational Organizations.
217	7-5
218	7-6
221	8-1 Chapter 8 Computer Applications 8.1 Overview 8.2 Limitations of Computer Calculations 8.3 Basic Luminance Calculations Chapter 3, Figure 8-1 8.1 Overview Luminaires. Area for the calculation. Chapter 3 Calculations. Other surfaces and objects. Background.
222	8-2
223	8-3 8.4 Complex Roadway Calculations Figure 8-2 8.5 Typical Illuminance Application Figures 8-3 8-4
224	8.6 Calculated Digital Renderings 8.6.1 The Rendering Process. Creating the model. Radiosity calculations.
225	8-5 Ray tracing. Figure 8-5. 8.6.2 Uses for Renderings. 8.6.3 Limitations of Renderings.
229	9-1 Section 9.9.2 High Intensity Discharge Lamp Failure.) Chapter 9 -Maintenance and Operations 9.1 Safety 9.1.1 Fundamental Principles. 9.1.2 Procedures Before Beginning Work.
230	9-2 9.1.3 Electrical. 9.1.4 Equipment. 9.1.5 Traffic Control. 9.1.6 Environmental Protection and Health and Safety Hazards. 9.1.7 Contact Voltage.
231	9-3 Asset-management system detection. Mobile electric field detection. Handheld detectors. Voltmeters.
232	9-4 9.2 Luminaires and Accessories 9.2.1 Light Source Life. Section 3.1.6.1.1), Section 3.1.6.1.3 Lamp Burnout Factor). Section 9.9 9.2.2 Light Source Lumen Depreciation. Section 3.1.6.1.1 9.2.3 Lumen Dirt Depreciation. Section 3.1.6.1.2). Section 9.2.7)— Section 9.13.3),
233	9-5 9.2.4 Leveling and Alignment. Section 10.4.1.3, 9.2.5 Controls. Sections 6.10.2 6.10.3). 9.2.6 Line Voltage.
234	9-6 Section 3.1.6.2.2 Voltage to Luminaire Factor 9.2.7 Obstruction of Light and Photocontrols by Foliage. Figure 9-1). Figure 9-2).
235	9-7 Figures 9-2, 9-3, 9-4). Figure 9-4 Chapter 3, Figure 3-5).
236	9-8 9.3 Poles and Accessories Section 9.5.1 Preventive Maintenance. 9.3.1 Paint or Coating. Figure 9-5),
237	9-9 9.3.2 Vibration. 9.4 Maintenance of Conventional Lighting Systems 9.4.1 Preventive Maintenance.
238	9-10 9.4.2 Corrective Maintenance. 9.5 Maintenance of High-Mast Lighting Systems 9.5.1 Preventive Maintenance. Top-latching system: Bottom-latching system:
239	9-11 9.5.2 Corrective Maintenance. 9.6 Maintenance of Tunnel Lighting Systems 9.6.1 Preventive Maintenance. Annex I).
240	9-12 Table 9-1, Table 9-1 Chapter 3, Section 3.1.6. Annex I). Section 5.5 Calculating Costs). Annex A
241	9-13 9.6.2 Corrective Maintenance. Sections 9.2.3.1 9.2.3.2. Luminaire replacement: Electronic component replacement: Driver replacement:
242	9-14 HID luminaire relamping: Section 9.13.3. 9.7 Troubleshooting, Repair, and Replacement 9.7.1 Procedures for Night Patrol Service. 9.7.2 Information Gathering. 9.7.3 Troubleshooting LED Luminaires. Section 9.7.4),
243	9-15 9.7.4 Troubleshooting HPS Luminaires.
244	9-16 9.8 Maintenance Management System Guidelines 9.8.1 Inspections, Patrols, and Public Reporting.
245	9-17 9.8.2 Requirements. Annex J, Section J.1. Annex J
246	9-18 9.8.3 Operations and Asset Management via Networked Systems. Annex B. Figure 9-6.
247	9-19 Chapter 6, Section 6.10.3 Adaptive Lighting Operations. 9.9 Light Source Failure 9.9.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Failure. Section 6.3.1. 9.9.2 High Intensity Discharge Lamp Failure. Section 6.3.2)
248	9-20 9.9.3 Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamp Failure. 9.9.4 Incandescent Lamp Failure. 9.9.5 Basic Relamping Practices and Choices. Sections 6.10.2 6.10.4 Section 9.13.3
249	9-21 9.10 Relamping With LED Retrofit lamps 9.11 Disposal of Components
250	9-22 9.12 New Light Sources and Components 9.13 Economics Section 5.5 Calculating Costs 9.13.1 Light Loss Factors. Section 3.1.6.1) 9.13.2 Record Keeping. 9.13.3 Group Versus Spot Relamping. Table 9-2 Table 9-2,
251	9-23 9.13.4 Maintenance Budgets. 9.13.5 Energy Costs. 9.14 Methods of Contracting
252	9-24 9.15 Equipment Testing
253	9-25
259	10-1 10.1.2 Highway Lighting Versus Street Lighting. Figure 10-1) Figure 10-2) Chapter 11. Chapter 11 Chapter 12, Chapter 13, Chapter 14, Chapter 15. Chapter 16, Chapter 17, Chapter 18, Chapter 19. Chapter 10 Highways and Interchanges 10.1 Roadway Lighting – General 10.1.1 The Purpose of Roadway Lighting.
260	10-2 10.2 Classifications and Definitions 10.2.1 Highway Definitions. Freeway:
261	10-3 Expressway: Isolated Interchange: Median: 10.2.2 Pavement Classification. Section 3.1.5 Section 3.3.1 10.3 Design Considerations 10.3.1 Visual Task. 10.3.2 Glare, Light Trespass, and Sky Glow Issues. Chapter 4 Obtrusive Light. 10.3.3 The Effects of Headlights. Chapter 3, Section 3.1.8 10.3.4 Spectral Considerations.
262	10-4 Table 10-2 Section 10.5.2) 10.4 Design Issues 10.4.1 Curves and Steep Grades. Figure 10-3).
263	10-5 Figure 10-4). 10.4.2 Highway Interchanges. Figure 10-5.
264	10-6 Section 10.5.2.2 Partial Lighting 10.4.3 High-Mast Lighting. Figure 10-6)
265	10-7
266	10-8 10.5 Lighting Recommendations 10.5.1 General. Chapter 3, Section 3.2.3.1.2). Annex A. Figure 10-7
267	10-9 Section 5.6 – Field Verification Table 10-1 Section 10.5.2.1), Section 5.2.8. Section 2.6.3)
268	10-10 10.5.2 Lighting Criteria. Table 10-1. General: Figures 10-8a 10-8b). Table 10-2
269	10-11 Exit ramps: Figure 10-8b. Figures 3-6 3-8 Chapter 3).
270	10-12 Figure 10-9, Section 10.5 Annex K – Alternative Lighting Criteria Selection Methodology; 10.6 Design Calculations 10.6.1 Recommended Calculation Methods. Chapter 3 – Calculations.
271	10-13 Section 5.6.2 – Field Verification.) 10.6.2 Recommended Luminance Calculation Method for Highways. Section 10.3 – Design Considerations). Section 10.5 –Lighting Recommendations. Chapter 3, Section 3.2.3. 10.7 Design Example – Freeway Chapter 5 – The Planning and Design Process Figure 10-10 Step 1: Determine roadway features Step 2: Select lighting criteria Table 10-1, Step 3: Select equipment Step 4: Calculate Section 5.4.4 – Perform Lighting Design. Step 5: Determine pole layout
272	10-14
273	10-15 References
277	11-1 Chapter 11 Street Lighting 11.1 Street Lighting 11.2 Walkways and Bikeways in the Public Right of Way 11.3 Classifications and Definitions 11.1 Street Lighting Figure 11-1) Chapter 10, Section 10.1.1.
278	11-2 11.3.1 Street Classifications. Major (arterial) street: Collector street: Local street: 11.3.2 Pedestrian Activity Classifications. High pedestrian activity areas: Medium pedestrian activity areas: Low pedestrian activity areas: 11.3.3 Pavement Classifications. Section 3.1.5 Section 3.3.1 11.3.4 Definitions. Isolated traffic conflict area:
279	11-3 Median: Marked bike lane: Cycle track: Bikeway: Pedestrian walkway or sidewalk: Figure 11-3 Section 11.4.3) Pole spacing definitions: Figure 11-2
280	11-4 11.4 Design Considerations 11.4.1 Appearance and Scale. 11.4.2 Visual Task. 11.4.3 Integration with Non-lighting Elements. Figure 11-3.
281	11-5 11.4.4 Vertical Surface Illumination. 11.4.5 Glare, Light Trespass, and Sky Glow Issues. Chapter 10, Section 10.5.2.3), Chapter 4 Obtrusive Light.) 11.4.6 Impact of Headlights. Chapter 3, Section 3.1.8 11.4.7 Impact of Trees on Lighting. Section 3.1.10 Impact of Trees on Lighting Section 5.2.6 Site Conditions 11.4.8 Spectral Considerations. Chapter 10, Section 10.3.4 Table 11-1 Section 11.6.3) 11.5 Design Issues 11.5.1 Curves and Steep Grades. Section 10.4.1.
282	11-6 11.5.2 Trees Adjacent to Roadway. Section 3.1.10. 11.5.3 Location Considerations. 11.5.4 Safety and Security. Section 1.1 Why Light?) 11.6 Lighting Recommendations 11.6.1 Streets – General Recommendations. Chapter 3 Section 10.5.2.3 Chapter 3
283	11-7 Section 5.6 – Field Verification Section 10.5.2) Table 11-1 Section 11.6.3, Section 5.2.8. Section 2.6.3) Sections 11.3.1 11.3.2, 11.6.2 Pedestrian Walkways and Bikeways – General Recommendations.
284	11-8 11.6.3 Lighting Criteria. Section 11.7.1. Table 11-1. Tables 11-1 11-2. Tables 11-1 11-2 Table 11-2). Chapter 11, Section 11.3.1.
285	11-9 References for Chapter 11, Section 10.5.2.3 11.6.4 An Alternative Method for Determining Lighting Criteria. Annex K – Alternative Lighting Criteria Selection Methodology. 11.7 Design Calculations 11.7.1 Recommended Calculation Methods. Chapter 3 – Calculations. Chapter 5.6.2 – Field Verification.) 11.7.2 Recommended Luminance Calculation Method for Streets. Chapter 10. Section 3.2.3. 11.7.3 Recommended Illuminance Calculation Method for Walkways. Section 3.2.3.2. 11.7.4 Recommended Illuminance Calculation Method for Cul-de-Sacs Section 11.6.1), Chapter 12. 11.8 Design Example – A Major (Arterial) Street
286	11-10 Chapter 5 – The Planning and Design Process Figure 11-5 Step 1: Determine roadway features Step 2: Select lighting criteria Table 11-1, Street Sidewalk Step 3: Select equipment Step 4: Calculate Chapter 5, Section 5.4. Step 5: Determine pole layout
287	11-11
288	11-12
289	11-13
293	12-1 12.1.2 Intersection Definitions. Intersection: Intersection classifications: Major (M) street: Collector (C) street: Local (L) street: ( Tables 10-2, 11-1, Table 12-1, Section 12.3.2.) Isolated intersection: Crosswalk: Additional considerations: Section 12.1 Definitions Section 12.2 Design Considerations Section 12.3), Section 12.4), Sections 12.5 12.6). Chapter 12 Intersections, Roundabouts and Crosswalks 12.1 Definitions 12.1.1 Land Use Definitions. Urban: Rural: Suburban:
294	12-2 Figure 12-1 Figure 12-1). 12.1.3 Pedestrian Activity Definitions. Section 11.3.2. 12.1.4 Lighting Definitions. Full intersection lighting: Partial intersection lighting: Delineation (beacon) lighting:
295	12-3 12.2 Design Considerations 12.2.1 Safety. 12.2.2 Site Conditions. 12.2.3 Design Criteria. 12.2.4 Identification of Design Elements. 12.2.5 Spectral Considerations. Chapter 10, Section 10.3.4 12.3 Intersections
296	12-4 Section 12.3.2.1. Section 12.3.2.2. 12.3.1 Intersection Design Issues. Safety. Cost. Aesthetics. Environmental considerations. Site conditions. Collision data and investigations.
297	12-5 Figure 12.1 Section 12.1.2), Chapter 4) 12.3.2 Intersection Lighting Requirements. Section 12.1.2, Figure 12-2 Figure 12-3 Figure 12-4
298	12-6 Figure 12-1 Section 12.1.2). Islands. Channelized right turn only lanes. Table 12-1 Pole placement: Figure 12-5
299	12-7 Figure 12.1, Section 12.1.2. Figures 12-2, 12-3, 12-4 Section 12.3.2.1 Defining the Intersection’s Extents). Table 12-2 Pole placement: Figure 12-5.
300	12-8 Pole placement: Figure 12-6. 12.4 Roundabouts Section 12.4.2. Figure 12-7. Figure 12-8)
301	12-9 12.4.1 Key Dimensions and Categories. Table 12-3.
302	12-10 Figure 12-9. Figure 12-9 12.4.2 Roundabout Traffic Operations.
303	12-11 Figure 12-8), Uncertainty at the roundabout approach.
304	12-12 Pedestrian crosswalks. Vehicle tracking around the circulatory roadway. Cyclists negotiating a roundabout. 12.4.3 Design Considerations for Roundabouts.
305	12-13 Section 2.6.3, Table 4-1 Chapter 4 12.4.4 Lighting Recommendations for Roundabouts. Section 12.4.5. Table 12-4 Table 12-1 (Section 12.3.2.1). Section 12.6.1). Section 12.4.5.1. Figure 12-10 Figure 12-11 Section 12.4.5 Roundabout Calculation Example Figure 12-10 Table 12-4 Section 12.4.4.2. Figure 12-11,
306	12-14 Figure 12-12) (Figure 12-13) Tables 12-5 12-6). 12.4.5 Roundabout Calculation Example.
307	12-15 Table 12-4, Section 12.4.5.1, Section 12.4.4.2, Section 2.6.3. Figure 12-14). Figure 12-15.)
308	12-16
309	12-17 Figures 12-16 12-17.) 12.5 Crosswalks at Intersections
310	12-18 Section 12.4.5.2. 12.6 Midblock Crosswalks 12.6.1 Supportive Research. Figure 12-18).
311	12-19 12.6.2 Design Considerations for Midblock Crosswalks. Figure 12-19 Figure 12-20.
312	12-20 12.6.3 Midblock Crosswalk Design Issues. Chapter 6, Sections 6.9.2 6.9.3 Chapter 4 12.6.4 Lighting Recommendations for Midblock Crosswalks. Chapter 11, Section 11.7. 12.6.5 Design Calculations. Section 11.7
313	12-21 Section 11.7.2. Section 3.2.3.6 Chapter 3 12.6.6 Midblock Crosswalk Design Example. Figure 12-21.
314	12-22
315	12-23
319	13-1 Chapter 13 At-Grade Railway Crossings 13.1 Design Considerations 13.1.1 General Considerations. 13.1.2 The Purpose of Railway Crossing Illumination. Figure 13-1).
320	13-2 13.1.3 Pole and Luminaire Placement. Section 13.3, 13.2 Design Issues 13.2.1 Coordination with Other Elements. 13.2.2 Clear Zone. Section 13.1.3 Pole and Luminaire Placement, Sections 6.9.2 and 6.9.3 Chapter 6, 13.2.3 Obtrusive Light. Chapter 4 13.3 Lighting Recommendations
321	13-3 Chapter 11, Table 12-2 Pavement Illuminance Criteria for Partial (Isolated) Intersection Lighting Chapter 12) Figure 13-1). Section 13.4.4. 13.4 Lighting Calculations 13.4.1 Horizontal Calculations for the Railway Crossing. Chapter 12, Section 12.1.4. 13.4.2 Vertical Illuminance Calculations for the Train Cars. 13.4.3 Glare Calculations. 13.4.4 Calculation Grids. Figure 13-2.
322	13-4 Chapter 3. Figure 13-1, Section 13.1.2), Figure 13-2). 13.5 At-Grade Railway Crossing Design Example Figure 13-3.
323	13-5
324	13-6
327	14-1 Chapter 14 Tunnel Lighting 14.1 Definitions Glossary. 14.1.1 Types of Tunnels. tunnel: short tunnel: depressed tunnel: divided tunnel: undivided tunnel: underpass: 14.1.2 Tunnel Topology Terms. Figure 14-1. Chapter 11. Section 14.4. Sections 14.2, 14.3, 14.5.
328	14-2 adaptation point: Chapter 3, Section 3.2.3.1.2. adaptation distance: approach: exit zone lighting: point of observation: Table 14-1). interior zone: mounting height, MH: point of fixation: portal: primary line of sight:
329	14-3 threshold zone: transition zone: Figure 14-12, Section 14.6.2). 14.2 Tunnel Design Considerations 14.2.1 Traffic and Roadway Geometry. Table 14-1 Section 14.1.2] Table 14-2 Section 14.4.2]).
330	14-4 Table 14-2 Section 14.4.2), Section 14.1.1) Table 14-2 14.2.2 Tunnel Architecture and Materials. Section 14.2.2.5).
331	14-5 Section 3.3.1)
332	14-6 Section 14.2.2.3), 14.2.3 Visibility and Adaptation for the Driver. Chapter 2, Section 2.2.5). 14.2.4 Ease of Maintenance. Section 14.8 Chapter 9, Section 9.6. 14.3 Tunnel Design Issues 14.3.1 Daytime Adaptation at the Tunnel Approach.
333	14-7 Section 14.4.2. Figure 14-2.
334	14-8 Figure 14-3) Section 14.6.1)
335	14-9 Section 14.2.2.5). 14.3.2 Nighttime Adaptation. 14.4 Tunnel Lighting Recommendations 14.4.1 General. Sections 14.2.1, 14.2.2, 14.2.3, 14.3.1. Figure C-2 Annex C Section 14.6 14.4.2 Daytime Pavement Luminance. Section 14.3.1.4
336	14-10 Table 14-2 Section 14.2.2 Annex C Section 14.2 14.4.3 Nighttime Pavement Luminance.
337	14-11 14.4.4 Non-roadway Surface Illumination. Section 14.2.3.1), Sections 14.2 14.5. 14.4.5 Curved Tunnels. Table 14-3 Section 3.3.1). Annex A
338	14-12 14.4.6 Uniformity Ratios. Figure 14-11, Section 14.6.2), Section 14.8. 14.4.7 Veiling Luminance Ratio. Chapter 3, Section 3.6.1). 14.4.8 Flicker Effects. Figure 14-4).
339	14-13 14.4.9 Tunnel Lighting Operation Modes. 14.4.10 Tunnel Emergency Lighting. 14.4.11 Lighting for Wayfinding. 14.5 Light Application Techniques 14.5.1 Symmetrical Light Distribution. Figure 14-5). 14.5.2 Asymmetrical Light Distribution – Negative Contrast (ALD-NC). Figure 14-6.)
340	14-14 14.5.3 Asymmetrical Light Distribution – Positive Contrast (ALD-PC). Figure 14-7.) 14.5.4 Wide and Narrow Tunnels. 14.6 Tunnel Calculations: Methods of Determination of Luminance Criteria 14.6.1 Luminance Values in Threshold Zone.
341	14-15 Figure 14-8. Table 14-4. Section 14.1.2.) Figure 14-9
342	14-16 Table 14-5 Annex C, Figure 14-9. Table 14-6)
343	14-17 Figure 14-10 Table 14-6 Figure 14-10 Figure 14-11.) Section 14.6.1.3,
344	14-18 Figures 14-9 14-10. Section 14.9. 14.6.2 Threshold and Transition Zones. Figure 14-11
345	14-19 Figure 14-12. Figure 14-12 Figure 14-11, 14.6.3 Tunnel Interior Zone. Table 14-7. 14.7 Lighting and Electrical Equipment for Tunnels 14.7.1 Light Sources.
346	14-20
347	14-21 14.7.2 Equipment and Luminaires. Annex I – Environmental Ratings for Enclosures). 14.7.3 Tunnel Physical Conditions and Related Luminaire Characteristics.
348	14-22 14.7.4 Electric Power Supply and Distribution. 14.7.5 Measurement, Control, and Switching Systems. Chapter 6 Illuminance meter. Luminance meter.
349	14-23 14.8 Maintenance Considerations 14.8.1 General. Chapter 9 Chapter 9, Section 9.6. 14.8.2 Other Factors. Section 3.1.5),
350	14-24 14.9 Calculation Example:
355	Chapter 15 Toll Plazas 15.1 The Plaza Defined Figures 15-1 15-2 15.1.1 Toll Roads. Chapter 10. 15.1.2 Toll Plazas.
356	15-2 Figures 15-1 15-2 Sections 15.1.3 15.1.6. 15.1.3 Approach Road (Ramp) and Departure Road. Chapter 11. 15.1.4 Approach and Departure Zones. Figure 15-1, Section 15.1). 15.1.5 Toll Collection Island. Table 15-2, Section 15.4,
357	15-3 Table 15-2, Section 15.4). 15.1.6 Infield. Chapter 16, Section 16.4 15.1.7 Administration and Maintenance Buildings. 15.2 Design Considerations 15.2.1 Current Standards.
358	15-4 Table 15-2 Section 15.4, 15.2.2 Other Design Considerations. Section 15.1 Section 15.3.2)
359	15-5 Annex I – Environmental Ratings for Enclosures). Chapter 6, Section 6.3.
360	15-6 Chapter 9 – Maintenance and Operations Chapter 3, Section 3.1.6 – Light Loss Factors (LLF). 15.3 Design Issues 15.3.1 Security Lighting.
361	15-7 15.3.2 Lighting Zones and Community Responsive Design. Chapter 4, Section 4.3.1, Table 15-1 15.3.3 Obtrusive Light. Section 15.1 Section 15.3.2) 15.4 Lighting Recommendations
362	15-8 Table 15-2. Chapter 10, Section 10.5.2)
363	15-9
367	16-1 16.1.1 Definitions. Public rest areas: Service areas: Pull-off rest or view areas: 16.1.2 Design Considerations. Chapter 17). Chapter 11. Part 1– Fundamentals Chapter 10 – Highway and Interchange Lighting Chapter 15 – Toll Plazas. Chapters 10 15. Chapter 16 Off-Roadway Facilities 16.1 Public Rest and Service Areas
368	16-2 16.1.3 Design Issues. 16.1.4 Lighting Recommendations. Chapter 11 Table 16-1.
369	16-3 Chapter 11. Table 16-2 Chapter 17. Crosswalks: Primary: Secondary: Chapter 12. Chapter 11, Section 11.2.
370	16-4 Chapter 4, Section 4.3.) Chapter 11, Table 11-2. 16.2 Commercial-Vehicle Weigh Stations Figure 16-1. 16.2.1 Definitions. Pull-off vehicle weigh stations: Weigh-in-motion stations: 16.2.2 Design Considerations. Figure 16-2
371	16-5 16.2.3 Design Issues. 16.2.4 Lighting Recommendations. Chapters 10 11, Tables 10-2 11-1, Chapter 11).
372	16-6 Table 16-3, Table 16-3. Table 16-3, Section 16.2.4.3, Chapter 17 16.2.5 Lighting Controls. Annex B.
373	16-7 16.3 Commercial-Vehicle Chain-Up/ChainDown Stations 16.3.1 Design Considerations. 16.3.2 Lighting Recommendations. Table 16-4, 16.3.3 Lighting Controls. Annex B. 16.4 Accident Investigation Sites Section 16.4 16.4.1 Design Issues.
374	16-8 16.4.2 Location. 16.4.3 Lighting Recommendations. Table 16-5. 16.4.4 Lighting Controls.
375	16-9
379	17-1 Definitions and General Considerations: Sections 17.2 and 17.3 Parking Lots and Top (Open) Parking Decks of Garages: Section 17.4 Parking Garages: Section 17.5 Sections 17.4 17.5. Chapter 3 Calculations Chapter 17 Parking Lots and Parking Garages 17.1 Purpose and Scope Section 17.3.3.3). Chapter 10 Chapter 11), Chapter 16). Chapter 4. 17.2 Definitions Parking lots:
380	17-2 Parking garages: 17.3 General Considerations Common to All Parking Facilities 17.3.1 Metrics. see Figure 17-1),
381	17-3 Sections 17.4.3 17.5.3. Chapters 10, 11, 14, Annex G Visibility Based Analysis of Parking Facility Lighting). 17.3.2 Vision Considerations. Sections 17.4.3 17.5.3 Sections 17.4.3 17.5.3.
382	17-4 Chapter 2, Section 2.5. 17.3.3 Site Considerations. Table 17-2, Section 17.4.3)
383	17-5 Chapter 7.) 17.3.4 Luminaire and Light Source Considerations. Chapter 6, Section 6.2, Section 6.3. Section 6.3.1), Figure 17-2).
384	17-6 Table 6-1, Section 6.3, Tables 17-2 17-3 Sections 17.4.3 17.5.3, Section 9.1.5). Chapter 9. Chapter 3, Section 3.1.6. Annex I. References References for Chapter 3,
385	17-7 Chapter 9 Maintenance and Operations. 17.3.5 Lighting Quality. Section 6.3. Chapter 4 17.4 Parking Lots and Top (Open) Parking Decks of Garages 17.4.1 Design Considerations for Parking Lots.
386	17-8 Section 17.3.4). Chapter 16, Section 16.3). Figure 17-3) 17.4.2 Design Issues for Parking Lots. 17.4.3 Lighting Recommendations.
387	17-9 Table 17-2, Section 17.4.3.3. Table 17-2 Table 17-2 (Section 17.4.3.3). Section H.7 Annex H). Table 17-2. 17.4.4 Lighting Equipment for Parking Lots. Chapter 2, Section 2.6.1.
388	17-10 Recommended Maintained Illuminance Targets( APPLICATION TASK/AREA( PARKING LOTS (and Top Floor of Parking Garages) GENERAL NOTES APPLICATION TASK/AREA NOTES
389	17-11 Section 2.6.1) Direct. Indirect.
390	17-12 Chapter 2, Section 2.6.3). 17.4.5 Lighting Controls. Chapter 6, Section 6.10. Optimizing energy and light output. Lumen maintenance. Peak load shedding (avoiding full energy consumption when demand is highest). Task-tuning. Step-dimming. 17.4.6 Maintenance of Parking Lot Lighting. Chapter 9, Section 9.1.1. Figure 17-4). Chapter 9, Section 9.1.9 17.5 Parking Garages 17.5.1 Design Considerations for Parking Garages.
391	17-13 Figure 17-5) Figure 17-6). Table 17-3 (Section 17.5.3)
392	17-14 17.5.2 Design Issues for Parking Garages. Annex G Table 17.3 Section 17.5.3), Section 17.5.2.3). Figure 17-7.
393	17-15 Annex I).
394	17-16 Section 17.5.2.2 Figure 17-7). 17.5.3 Lighting Recommendations. Table 17-3. Table 17-3 Table 17-3. Figure 17-8).
395	17-17 Recommended Maintained Illuminance Targets( APPLICATION TASK/AREA( PARKING GARAGES (Covered Parking Areas Only)
396	17-18 GENERAL NOTES APPLICATION TASK/AREA NOTES Recommended Maintained Illuminance Targets( APPLICATION TASK/AREA(
397	17-19 Table 17-3, 17.5.4 Lighting Equipment for Parking Garages. Section 17.5.2.3). Section 17.5.4.2.) 17.5.5 Lighting Controls. Section 17.4.5 Chapter 6, Section 6.10. 17.5.6 Maintenance of Parking Garage Lighting.
398	17-20 Section 17.3.4.2). Chapter 9.
399	17-21
403	18-1 Chapter 18 Roadway Sign Lighting 18.1 Sign Types 18.1.1 Static Signs. 18.1.2 Signs With Variable or Changeable Messages. Figure 18-1.
404	18-2 18.1.3 Mounting Types. Overhead signs. Shoulder signs. 18.2 Sign Lighting Economics 18.3 External Sign Lighting Figure 18-2). 18.3.1 Equipment. Figure 18-3
405	18-3 18.3.2 Lighting Design for Externally Illuminated Signs. Table 18-1. Chapter 8. Figure 18-4.
406	18-4 18.4 Internal Sign Lighting Figure 18-5 18.4.1 Equipment. 18.4.2 Design of Internally Illuminated Signs. Figure 18-5). 18.5 LED Message Signs Figure 18-6).
407	18-5
411	19-1 Mobile work zones: Short-duration work zones: Intermediate-duration work zones: Long-duration work zones: 19.1.2 Work Zone Lighting Systems. Temporary fixed lighting systems. Chapter 19 Temporary and Work Zone Lighting 19.1 Definitions 19.1.1 Work Zone Categories.
412	19-2 Portable systems. Light plants. Figure 19-1.) Balloon-type luminaires. Figure 19-2). Equipment mounted lighting. Figure 19-3). 19.2 Design Considerations 19.3 Design Issues 19.3.1 Glare.
413	19-3 19.3.2 Transient Adaptation. 19.4 Lighting Recommendations 19.4.1 General. Chapter 10 19.4.2 Avoiding Glare. Chapter 10)
414	19-4 Chapter 10). 19.4.3 Limiting Vertical Illuminance at the Driver’s Eye. Figures 19-4 19-5. Figure 19-6). Figure 19-6)
415	19-5 19.4.4 Providing Transition Lighting. Chapter 15 Toll Plazas Chapter 14 Chapter 10 Highway and Interchange Lighting Chapter 10, Annex A) Chapter 15. 19.4.5 Recommendations for Rural Highways With Long-Duration Work Zones. Table 19-1.)
416	19-6 No ongoing work at night, no fixed lighting system: No ongoing work at night, fixed lighting: Work ongoing at night, no fixed lighting system: Work ongoing at night, fixed lighting: 19.4.6 Recommendations for Freeways With LongDuration Work Zones. Table 19-1.) No ongoing work at night, no diversions, no existing lighting system: No ongoing work at night, major diversions in alignment, no existing lighting system: Chapter 10. No ongoing work at night, existing lighting system meets recommendations in Chapter 10: No ongoing work at night, existing lighting system has been disrupted: Chapter 10. Work ongoing at night, no existing lighting system: Chapter 10. Work ongoing at night, existing lighting system meets recommendations in Chapter 10: Work ongoing at night, existing lighting system has been disrupted: Chapter 10. 19.4.7 Recommendations for Urban Surface Streets With Street Lighting and Long-Duration Work Zones. Chapter 11. Table 19-1.) No ongoing work at night, existing lighting system meets IES recommendations: No ongoing work at night: Chapter 11. Work ongoing at night and existing lighting system meets IES recommendations: 19.4.8 Lighting for Flagging Stations.
417	19-7 19.5 Equipment Guidelines for Work Area Lighting 19.5.1 Orientation. Figure 19-7. 19.5.2 Mounting Height. 19.5.3 Vehicle Mounting. 19.6 Operational Constraints
418	19-8 19.6.1 Light Trespass and Glare Control. Chapter 10. 19.6.2 Enforcement Plan and Field Verification.
419	19-9
425	A-1 A.1.1 Physical Conditions: New Installations. Annex A Street, Highway, Tunnel,and Parking Area Field Measurements A.1 Measurement Factors Common to Street, Highway, Tunnel, and Parking Areas
426	A-2 A.1.2 Physical Conditions: Existing Installations. A.1.3 Extraneous Light. Section A.1.1 A.1.2, A.1.4 Field Condition Verification.
427	A-3 A.2 Measurement Instruments – General A.2.1 Electrical System Measurement Instruments. SAFETY CAUTION:
428	A-4 A.2.2 Photometric Measurement Instruments.
429	A-5 A.3 Procedures for Performing Light Measurements A.3.1 Stabilization of Light Sources. Sections A.2.1 A.2.2,
430	A-6 A.3.2 Illuminance Measurement Procedure. A.3.3 Luminance Measurement Procedure. Table A-1. Comparison of methods:
431	A-7 A.4 Measurement Locations A.4.1 Highway Measurement Locations. Chapter 3, Section 3.2.3.1.1. Figures A-1 A-4 Figure A-1 A-4. Section A.3.3 Table A-1.
432	A-8
433	A-9 Figure A-5.) A.4.2 Tunnel Measurement Locations. Chapter 14). Figures A-6 A-7. Chapter 14, Section 14.4.4. Figure A-6 Table A-1 Section A.3.3)
434	A-10 Figure A-7 Table A-1 Section A.3.3)
435	A-11 Section 3.2 A.4.3 Parking Facility Measurement Locations. Figure A-8.
436	A-12 Chapter 17.) Figure A-8(a) Section A.4.3.1).
437	A-13 Figure A-8(b) Section A.4.3.1). Figure A-8(c) Section A.4.3.1). Section A.4.3.7.1. Figure A-8(d) Section A.4.3.1). Section A.4.3.7.1. Figure A-8(e) Section A.4.3.1).
438	A-14 A.5 Measurement Reports A.5.1 Highway Reports. Chapter 10 A.5.2 Tunnel Reports. A.5.3 Parking Area Reports.
439	A-15
440	A-16
443	B-1 Annex B Outdoor Lighting Controls:Additional Information B.1 Goals and Best Practices B.1.1 Safety. Section 6.10.3. B.1.2 Project Planning Introduction.
444	B-2 Start With Your Eye on the Finish Line. Stakeholder Involvement is Key. Define the Problem Before Implementing the Solution. Delay Technology Choices.
445	B-3 Divide and Conquer. Connecting the Dots – Traceability. The “V” Systems Engineering Model. Figure B-1, Overview of the “V” Model.
446	B-4 Figure B-2, Connecting the Left and Right Sides of the “V.”
447	B-5 Figure B-3, Decision Points. Figure B-4,
448	B-6 Figure B-5 Figure B-5, Figure B-6, Section 6.10.1.2.2), Figure B-7,
449	B-7
450	B-8 Figure B-4. Figure B-8
451	B-9 B.1.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis.
452	B-10 B.1.4 Procurement. B.2 U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Intelligent Transportation Standards B.2.1 History.
453	B-11 B.2.2 NTCIP and the Systems Engineering Process (SEP). Section 6.10.1) B.2.3 Benefits of NTCIP. Avoidance of early obsolescence. Choice of manufacturer. Interchangeability and interoperability. One communications network for all purposes. Interoperability with external systems. B.3 NTCIP 1213: Electrical and Lighting Management Systems Section 2: Concept of Operations. Section 3: Requirements. Section 4: Dialog Specifications.
454	B-12 Section 5: ELMS Object Definitions. Annex A: Requirements Traceability Matrix. Annex B: Object Tree. Annex C: Astronomical Clock Support. B.4 Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Standards B.4.1 How Smart-Grid Standards Are Identified, Developed, and Coordinated. B.4.2 Interoperability.
455	B-13 Chapter 6, Section 6.10.4.7.4. B.5 U.S. Department of Energy Municipal Solid State Lighting Consortium (MSSSLC) B.6 TALQ Consortium B.7 BACnet B.8 LonWorks® Technology
456	B-14 Section B.10). B.9 Zigbee Section B.10). B.10 IMSA Roadway Lighting Technician Courses B.11 Interoperability and the OSI 7-Layer Model18
457	B-15 Table B-1 Layer 1: Physical Layer
458	B-16 Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Table B-2.
459	B-17 Layer 5: Session Layer Layer 6: Presentation Layer Layer 7: Application Layer
460	B-18 AASHTO. action. ANSI. compatible. control receptacle. DALI. data logger. day plan. DHCP. DNS.
461	B-19 electrical service. ELMS. ELMS device. fail-on control unit. fail-off control unit. fail-off control unit open circuit plug (or cap). feature. gateway. GIS. GPS. IEEE.
462	B-20 IETF. interchangeable. interface. ICD. Section B.10). interoperable. ITE. live data. logged data. management information base (MIB).
463	B-21 management station. NEMA. National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP). object. operator. OSI Model. Section B.10.) photocontrol. photosensor. point-to-multipoint. protocol. requirement.
464	B-22 requirements traceability. return. schedule. shorting cap. shorting plug (or cap) return. SNMP. SNMP agent. STMF. specification. sub-feature. stagger interval. systems engineering.
465	B-23 system lifecycle. TALQ. traffic management center (TMC). user needs. validation of user needs. zone.
466	B-24
467	B-25
468	B-26
471	C-1 Annex C Contrast Method for DeterminingThreshold Lighting C.1 Daytime Lighting for Long Tunnels C.2 Lighting in the Threshold Zone C.3 The Perceived Contrast Figure C-1.
472	C-2 C.4 Preliminary Luminance Criteria in Threshold Zone Table 14-2 Chapter 14). Figure C-2). Table C-1 Table 14-2. Chapter 14, Section 14.2.2. Section 14.8). Figure C-2
473	C-3
474	C-4
477	D-1 Annex D Calculation of Tunnel Wall Luminance UsingBRDFs for Typical Tunnel Wall Materials D.1 Introduction D.2 BRDF Definition Figure D-1. D.3 Current Lighting Software Practices Section 3.3.1),
478	D-2 Figure D-2 D.4 BRDF Effect on Lighting Software Accuracy D.5 Obtaining BRDF Data
479	D-3 D.6 Implementing BRDF Data
483	E-1 Chapter 14, Section 14.9 Figure 14-12, Figure 14-12 Annex E Evaluation of Lseq: Correct Use of a Camera E.1 Type of Camera E.2 Film Type Section 14.9 Figure 14-12. E.3 Objective Figure 14-12. E.4 Verification of Distortions
484	E-2 E.5 Shooting Distance Figure 14-12. E.6 Evaluation of Figure 14-12.
485	E-3
489	F-1 Annex F Conversion Factors, Acronyms, and Symbols F.1 Conversion Factors
490	F-2 F.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
491	F-3 F.3 Symbols F.3.1 English. F.3.2 Greek.
495	G-1 Table 17-2 Table 17-3 Chapter 17. G.1 Visibility Parameters Annex G Visibility-Based Analysis ofParking Facility Lighting
496	G-2 G.1.1 Reflectance. G.1.2 Detection Distance. G.1.3 Target Size. Figure G-1,
497	G-3 G.1.4 Observation Time. G.1.5 Contrast Polarity Factor. G.1.6 Age Factor. G.2 Analysis Tables G-1a G-1b, Figure G-2.
498	G-4
499	G-5 Figure G-3. Figure G-4. Chapter 17, Table 17-2) Table 17-3) Figure G-3 Figure G-4)
500	G-6
503	H-1 Annex H General Procedure for Calculating MaintainedIlluminance in Parking Lots and Garages H.1 Calculation Procedure for Maintained Illuminance Sections H.2 H.5 Section H.6 Section H.7 H.2 Objectives and Specifications H.2.1 Quality Required. Chapter 17, Section 17.3.5, H.2.2 Quantity Required. Chapter 17. H.2.3 Area Atmosphere. Chapter 3, Section 3.1.6.3. H.2.4 Selection of Luminaire. H.3 Light Loss Factors (LLFs) Section H.2 Chapter 3, Section 3.1.6.) H.3.1 Maintenance Factors.
504	H-2 Section 17.3.4), Figures 3-2 3-3 Chapter 3. Section 17.3.4), Section 3.1.6.1.3 H.3.2 Equipment Factors. Section 3.1.6.2.1 Section 3.1.6.2.2 Section 3.1.6.2.3 Section 3.1.6.2.4 H.3.3 Change in Physical Surroundings. H.3.4 Total Light Loss Factor. Section 3.1.6 H.4 Calculations
505	H-3 H.5 Determination of the Illuminance at a Specific Point H.5.1 General. Section H.5.2) H.5.2 Isolux Diagram. Figure H-1) Figure H-2) Figure H-2, Figure H-1. Figure H-1. Mounting Height (m) Scaling Factor
506	H-4 Figure H-1 Figure H-1).
507	H-5 Figure H-1). Figure H-1 Table H-1. H.6 Uniformity Ratios Figure H-1 Chapter 17. Figure H-2): Figure H-1, Figure H-1 H.7 Vertical Illuminance Section H.5
508	H-6 Figure H-2, Figure H-2 Figure H-1 Section H.5.2
509	H-7
510	H-8
513	I-1 Annex I Environmental Ratings for Enclosures I.1 NEMA Environmental Enclosure Ratings Table I-1.
514	I-2 I.2 Ingress Protection Codes (IP Ratings) Table I-2 I.3 Conversion of NEMA Type to IP Rating Table I-3.
515	I-3
519	J-1 J.1.2 Program Work Flow. Annex J Roadway Lighting Operations andMaintenance Example J.1 Management System J.1.1 Responsibilities of Management Personnel. Chapter 9 – Maintenance and Operations.)
520	J-2 J.1.3 Records, Material, and Equipment Required. J.2 Application J.2.1 Preliminary Gathering of Information.
521	J-3 J.2.2 Operations: Group Relamping. J.2.3 Maintenance: Spot Replacement.
522	J-4 J.3 Long-Range Planning J.3.1 Condition Surveys.
523	J-5 J.3.2 Capital Planning.
527	K-1 Figure K-3). Annex K Alternative Lighting CriteriaSelection Methodology K.1 Introduction Figure K-1). Figure K-2). Part 2 Chapters 10 11 Chapter 6, Sections 6.10.2 6.10.3)
528	K-2 K.2 Parameters K.2.1 Speed. K.2.2 Traffic Volume. Tables K-1 K-3
529	K.2.3 Median. K.2.4 Density of Entrance, Intersection, or Interchange. K.2.5 Ambient Luminance.
530	K-4 K.2.6 Guidance. K.2.7 Pedestrian and/or Bicycle Presence. K.2.8 Parked Vehicles. K.2.9 Facial Recognition. Figure K-4 Figure K-5). K.3 Design Criteria and Luminance Selection Tables K-4, K-6, K-8 Tables K-5, K-7, K-9
531	K-5 K.3.1 Design Criteria for Highways (H-Category).
532	K-6 K.3.2 Design Criteria for Streets (S-Category).
533	K-7 K.3.3 Design Criteria for Residential/Pedestrian Roads or Areas (P-Category).
534	K-8 K.4 Examples Illustrating How to Apply This Alternative Methodology K.4.1 Determining the Lighting Class. Table K-10. Table K-5 Section K.3.1), Tables K-4 K-5). K.4.2 Using Hourly Traffic Volume. Section K.2.2. Table K-1, Table K-10 Table K-11. Table K-7). K.5 Adaptive Lighting Application Chapter 6, Sections 6.10.2 6.10.3).
535	K-9 K.5.1 Where to Adapt Lighting. K.5.2 When to Adapt Lighting.
536	K-10 K.5.3 Conflict Areas. Chapter 12). K.5.3 Adverse Weather.
537	K-11
539	GL-1 Chapter 14 Annex B arrangement: Figure Gl-1). beacon lighting: bifurcation area: bikeway: conflict area: conflict point: corrective maintenance: crosswalk: entrance ramp conflict area: exit ramp conflict area: intersection: intersection conflict area: line of sight:
540	GL-2 longitudinal roadway line (LRL): luminaire cycle: luminaire spacing: mounting height: orientation: Figure Gl-2.) overhang (OH): part-night photocontrol: AM-burn photocontrol: Figure Gl-3). fixed-time photocontrol: Figure Gl-3) real clock-time part-night photocontrol: Figure Gl-4)
541	GL-3 half-night photocontrol: Figure Gl-5. part-year (seasonal) photocontrol: partial lighting: pedestrian crosswalk: pedestrian way: point of fixation: point of observation: Table 14-1 Chapter 14). preventive maintenance: table: Figure Gl-6.) reduced luminance coefficient,
542	GL-4 Figure Gl-7): roll: Figure Gl-2.) setback: spacing-to-mounting-height ratio (S/MH): tilt: Figure Gl-2.) traffic conflict area: transverse roadway line (TRL): tunnel (including short, divided, depressed, and undivided types): Chapter 14.] underpass: Chapter 14.] vertical illuminance: walkway:
545	Submittal Format Submission to the Committee Chair Review and Clarification Response Recommendation Editing
547	Lighting Science Standards Lighting Practice Standards Lighting Applications Standards Lighting Measurements and Testing Procedure Standards Roadway and Parking Facility Lighting Standards