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IEEE 1635-2018

IEEE 1635-2018

$81.79

IEEE/ASHRAE Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
IEEE 2018 116
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Revision Standard – Active. Vented lead-acid (VLA), valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA), and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) stationary battery installations are discussed in this guide, written to serve as a bridge between the electrical designer and the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) designer. Ventilation of stationary battery installations is critical to improving battery life while reducing the hazards associated with hydrogen production. This guide describes battery operating modes and the hazards associated with each. It provides the HVAC designer with the information to provide a cost effective ventilation solution.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 IEEE Std 1635-2018/ASHRAE Guideline 21-2018 Front Cover
2 Title page
4 Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
7 Participants
9 Introduction
10 Contents
12 1. Overview
1.1 Scope
1.2 Purpose
13 1.3 Exclusions
1.4 Document organization
14 2. Normative references
3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
15 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
16 4. Battery safety hazards and considerations
5. Fundamentals
5.1 Battery types
17 5.1.1 Lead-acid batteries
19 5.1.2 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries
20 5.2 Battery application
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Service applications
5.3 Installation enclosure applications
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Dedicated battery rooms
5.3.3 Indoor cabinets
21 5.3.4 Outdoor cabinets
5.3.5 Controlled environment vault (CEV)
5.3.6 Integrated battery and equipment areas
6. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
6.1 General
22 6.2 HVAC design for performance
6.2.1 Temperature
23 6.2.2 Air humidity
6.2.3 Air contaminants
6.3 HVAC design for safety
6.3.1 Flammable/explosive gases
24 6.3.2 Hydrogen traps
6.3.3 Confined spaces
6.3.4 Thermal runaway
6.3.5 Toxic gases
25 7. Environmental design
7.1 General
7.2 Operating modes
7.2.1 General
26 7.2.2 Assumptions for the tables
27 7.2.3 Standby/float operation
30 7.2.4 Accelerated recharge, boost, and equalize charge modes
32 7.2.5 Discharge
7.2.6 Bulk recharge
33 7.2.7 Initial and freshening charge modes
34 7.2.8 Cycling operating mode
35 7.2.9 Failure modes (abnormal operation)
37 7.3 Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system design requirements
7.3.1 General
38 7.3.2 Systems for heating and cooling
39 7.4 HVAC system design for ventilation
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Natural ventilation
40 7.4.3 Active or forced ventilation system
41 7.5 Integrated battery areas
7.5.1 Integrated battery and charger/rectifier/inverter room
7.5.2 Integrated battery and equipment areas
7.6 Controls and alarms
7.6.1 General
42 7.6.2 Sensors
7.6.3 Reliability/redundancy
7.7 Battery room hazard classification
43 7.8 Battery enclosure design
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Indoor cabinets
7.8.3 Outdoor cabinets
7.8.4 Vaults
8. Economics
8.1 General
44 8.2 Battery replacement factors
8.3 Relative importance of the installation
8.4 Reliability of the HVAC system
8.5 Availability of maintenance resources
8.6 Cost and availablilty of battery replacement
8.7 HVAC System control based on battery operating mode
45 9. Environmental management (operation and maintenance)
9.1 Battery system operation and maintenance
9.2 HVAC system operation and maintenance
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Operation
46 9.2.3 Maintenance
47 Annex A (informative) Hydrogen generation in lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries
A.1 Purpose
A.2 Gassing equations for lead-acid batteries
A.2.1 General
48 A.2.2 Gassing of vented cells with constant-current charging
A.2.3 Equations for lead-calcium and pure lead vented batteries
50 A.2.4 Equations for lead-antimony and lead-selenium vented batteries
53 A.2.5 Temperature effects on the current
54 A.2.6 Effects of shorted cells
A.2.7 Maximum gassing current
55 A.2.8 Equations for VRLA batteries
59 A.3 Sample gassing calculations for vented lead-calcium batteries
A.3.1 Assumptions
A.3.2 Fire code default
A.3.3 Worst-case calculation
A.3.4 Normal gassing
60 A.3.5 Gassing during initial charging
A.3.6 Fire code worst-case calculation
61 A.4 Sample gassing calculations for lead-calcium-tin VRLA batteries
A.4.1 Assumptions
A.4.2 Fire code default
A.4.3 Worst-case calculation
A.4.4 Normal gassing
62 A.4.5 Gassing during initial charging
A.4.6 Fire code worst-case calculation
A.5 Sample gassing calculations for vented lead-antimony batteries
A.5.1 Assumptions
63 A.5.2 Fire code default
A.5.3 Worst-case calculation
A.5.4 Normal gassing
64 A.5.5 Gassing during initial charging
A.5.6 Fire code worst-case calculation
65 A.6 Battery gassing calculations for Ni-Cd batteries
A.6.1 General
66 A.6.2 Float charging
A.6.3 Finish/boost/equalize charging
67 A.6.4 Initial charging
A.6.5 Worst-case scenarios
68 A.7 Sample gassing calculations for Ni-Cd batteries
A.7.1 General
69 A.7.2 Assumptions
A.7.3 Fire Code default
A.7.4 Worst-case calculation
A.7.5 Normal gassing
70 A.7.6 Gassing during initial charging
A.7.7 Fire Code worst-case calculation
71 Annex B (informative) Heat generation in lead-acid batteries
B.1 Purpose
B.2 Basics of battery heat generation
B.2.1 General
72 B.2.2 Sources of heat
83 B.2.3 Heat generation calculations for various operating modes
93 B.3 Sample battery heat generation calculations for vented lead-acid batteries
B.3.1 Assumptions
B.3.2 Worst-case discharge calculation
94 B.3.3 Bulk recharge calculation
B.3.4 Normal heat release
B.3.5 Battery heat release during initial charging
B.3.6 Boost/equalize charging heat release calculation
95 B.4 Sample heat generation calculations for lead-calcium tin VRLA batteries
B.4.1 Assumptions
B.4.2 Worst-case discharge calculation
B.4.3 Bulk recharge calculation
96 B.4.4 Normal heat release
B.4.5 Heat release during initial charging
B.4.6 Heat release calculations for equalize/boost charging
97 B.5 Sample heat generation calculations for Ni-Cd batteries
B.5.1 Assumptions
B.5.2 Sample heat release during discharge for a UPS Ni-Cd battery
B.5.3 Sample heat release during bulk recharge for a UPS Ni-Cd battery
99 Annex C (informative) Existing U.S. codes and standards
101 Annex D (informative) Explosive and toxic gas allowance considerations
D.1 Permissible hydrogen concentrations
D.2 Permissible hydrogen sulfide concentrations and responsive actions
102 D.3 Permissible arsine and stibine concentrations
103 Annex E (informative) Thermal runaway
E.1 Lead-Acid battery thermal runaway
104 E.2 Thermal runaway in Ni-Cd batteries
105 Annex F (informative) Sample HVAC calculations
F.1 Heat and hydrogen generation sample calculations
106 F.2 Cooling
F.3 Ventilation/Exhaust
107 Annex G (informative) Example battery data sheets
G.1 General
G.2 Long or medium duration lead-acid battery data sheet examples
G.3 High rate lead-acid battery data sheet examples
112 G.4 Ni-Cd battery data sheet example
113 Annex H (informative) Bibliography
116 Back Cover

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