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This document describes general exposure assessment methods for wireless power transfer (WPT) at frequency up to 10 MHz considering thermal and stimulus effects. Exposure assessment procedures and experimental results are shown as examples such as electric vehicles (EVs) and mobile devices.

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4	CONTENTS
9	FOREWORD
11	INTRODUCTION
12	1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions
14	4 Symbols and abbreviations 4.1 Physical quantities 4.2 Constants 4.3 Abbreviations
15	5 Overview of WPT systems 5.1 General 5.2 WPT systems whose frequency range is less than 100 kHz Figures Figure 1 – Wireless power kitchen appliances [1]
16	Figure 2 – Use cases of the LCD and semiconductor product lines andkitchen WPT systems [1]
17	Figure 3 – Example of a WPT system for EV/PHEV [1]
18	Figure 4 – Example of an online electric vehicle [1] Figure 5 – Technical characteristics of an online electric vehicle [1]
19	5.3 WPT systems whose frequency range is from 100 kHz to 10 MHz Tables Table 1 – Summary of application, technology and specificationof WPT systems whose frequency range is less than 100 kHz.
20	Figure 6 – Example magnetic induction WPT system block diagram [1] Figure 7 – Example magnetic resonance WPT system block diagram [1]
21	Figure 8 – Capacitive coupling WPT system block diagram [1] Figure 9 – Typical structure of the capacitive coupling system [1]
22	6 Basic assessment methods 6.1 General 6.2 Basic assessment methods considering direct effect 6.2.1 General Table 2 – WPT systems whose frequency range is from 100 kHz to 10 MHz
23	6.2.2 Evaluation based on transmit power or current 6.2.3 Evaluation of incident fields against reference levels 6.2.4 Evaluation of incident fields against basic restrictions
24	6.2.5 Evaluation of induced E-field and SAR against basic restrictions
25	6.2.6 Assessment procedure 6.3 Basic assessment method considering indirect effect Figure 10 – Flowchart of assessment procedure considering the direct effect
26	Figure 11 – Two exposure situations for ungrounded and grounded metal objects Figure 12 – Flowchart of assessment procedures for indirect effects
27	Annex A (informative)WPT systems whose frequency range is over 10 MHz
28	Table A.1 – Classification of WPT applications Table A.2 – Characteristics of beam WPT applications
29	Annex B (informative)International exposure guidelines B.1 ICNIRP guidelines Table B.1 – Basic restrictions up to 10 GHz of ICNIRP1998
30	Table B.2 – Basic restrictions of ICNIRP2010
31	Table B.3 – Reference levels for electric and magneticfields (unperturbed rms values) of ICNIRP1998 Table B.4 – Reference levels for electric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values) of ICNIRP2010
32	B.2 IEEE standards Table B.5 – Reference levels for contact currents of ICNIRP1998 and ICNIRP2010 Table B.6 – Basic restrictions up to 5 MHz of IEEE C95.6 and IEEE C95.1
33	Table B.7 – Basic restrictions between 100 kHz and 3 GHz of IEEE C95.1 Table B.8 – Magnetic field MPE up to 5 MHz of IEEE C95.1 and IEEE C95.6 Table B.9 – Electric field MPE for whole-body exposure upto 100 kHz of IEEE C95.1 and IEEE C95.6
34	Table B.10 – MPE for electric and magnetic field over 100 kHzfor whole-body exposure of IEEE C95.1 and IEEE C95.6 Table B.11 – Contact current MPE of IEEE C95.1 and IEEE C95.6
35	Annex C (informative)Assessment methods C.1 Exclusion based on transmit power or current Table C.1 – Basic restrictions regarding SAR (unit is W/kg)
36	C.2 Measurement of incident electromagnetic fields C.2.1 Equipment for electric field measurement C.2.2 Equipment for magnetic field measurement Table C.2 – Possible exclusion power level regarding local SAR
37	C.2.3 Measurement method
38	C.3 Coupling factor
39	C.4 Generic gradient source model
40	Table C.3 – Coupling transformation matrix to estimateinduced E-field for compliance with ICNIRP 2010 Table C.4 – Coupling transformation matrix to estimate inducedcurrent density for compliance with ICNIRP 1998
41	Table C.5 – Coupling transformation matrix to estimateinduced E-field for compliance with IEEE 2005 Table C.6 – Coupling transformation matrix to estimate SAR (pSAR10g and wbSAR)for compliance with ICNIRP 1998 and IEEE 2005
42	C.5 Induced E-field or SAR C.5.1 Measurement Table C.7 – Dielectric properties of the tissue equivalent liquid defined in IEC 62209-2 Table C.8 – Dielectric properties of the tissue equivalent NaCl solution
43	C.5.2 Calculation
44	Table C.9 – Human models and source models
45	C.6 Contact current C.6.1 Equipment Table C.10 – Computational methods Table C.11 – SAR evaluation method based on numerical simulation
46	Figure C.1 – Frequency characteristics of impedanceof adult male and IEC equivalent circuit Figure C.2 – IEC equivalent circuit Figure C.3 – Example of contact current measurement equipment
47	C.6.2 Measurements
48	Annex D (informative)Case studies D.1 WPT system for EV D.1.1 General
49	D.1.2 Assessment procedures for WPT system for EV Figure D.1 – Example for areas of protection, for ground mounted systems [37]
50	Figure D.2 – Area 3 measurement position [37] Figure D.3 – Area 4 measurement position [37]
53	Figure D.4 – Assessment flow of Part 1
54	Table D.1 – Uncertainty of H-field measurements for WPT systems in Area 3
55	Table D.2 – Numerical uncertainty of the exposure of anatomicalhuman models to WPT systems for EV
56	Table D.3 – Uncertainty of EMF measurements for WPT systems in Area 4
57	Figure D.5 – Assessment flow of Part 2
58	Figure D.6 – Assessment flow of Part 3
59	Table D.4 – Uncertainty of contact current measurements
60	D.2 Experimental assessment results for EV D.2.1 General D.2.2 Electromagnetic field measurement results Table D.5 – ICNIRP2010 guideline at 85 kHz Table D.6 – Specification of DUT
61	Figure D.7 – Example measurement layout for Area 3 surrounding area of vehicle Table D.7 – Measured incident H-fields and E-fields of Area 3 Table D.8 – Measured incident H-fields and E-fields of Area 4
62	D.2.3 Contact current measurement Figure D.8 – Example measurement layout for Area 4 car interior Figure D.9 – Contact current meters used in the measurement
63	D.3 WPT system for mobile devices D.3.1 General Figure D.10 – Measurement of contact current Table D.9 – Measurement results of contact current [mA]
64	D.3.2 Assessment procedures for WPT system for mobile
66	Annex E (informative)Numerical and experimental studies E.1 Exposure evaluation of WPT for EV E.1.1 Research in Japan Figure E.1 – Geometry of vehicle model
67	Figure E.2 – Measured and simulated magnetic field strength leaked from wireless power system in an electric vehicle [46] Figure E.3 – Distance dependence of peak inducedelectric field strength in human body model
68	Figure E.4 – Analysis of induced electric field strength in the human bodyfor different human positions relative to the vehicle [41]
69	Figure E.5 – Relationship between the maximum induced electric field in the human body and the magnetic field strength [41]
70	E.1.2 Research in Korea Figure E.6 – The induced electric field distributions in a humanbody model lying on the ground with his right arm stretched [48] Table E.1 – Estimated permissible power for WPT system for EV
71	Figure E.7 – EMF human exposure condition from the power lineand pickup coils of OLEV system
72	Figure E.8 – The model in the field generated by OLEV
73	Figure E.9 – The calculated magnetic field distributions at each distance from OLEV
74	E.2 Exposure evaluation of WPT for mobile device E.2.1 WPT system in 140 kHz band Figure E.10 – Photograph of magnetic field measurement for transmitting andreceiving pads of wireless charging system Figure E.11 – Measurement results of magnetic field value for two cases oflow voltage output (case 1) and high voltage output (case 2)
75	Figure E.12 – Transmitting and receiving coils, and magnetic sheet Figure E.13 – Simulated magnetic field strength distribution (Charging (a) xy plane, (b) yz plane; Standby model (c) xy plane, (d) yz plane) and measured value (Charging (e) xy plane, (f) yz plane; Standby mode (g) xy plane, (h) yz plane)
76	E.2.2 WPT systems in MHz band Figure E.14 – Position of human body and coil (left), exposure point in chest (right) Table E.2 – Local SAR and induced electric field inin a human body on the chest surface
77	Figure E.15 – Realistic human body model and system position
78	Figure E.16 – Position of the human body model: (a) the human body is movedin the horizontal direction, (b) the coils are moved in vertical direction Figure E.17 – Peak of 10 g average SAR movedin (a) horizontal direction, (b) vertical direction
79	Figure E.18 – Peaks of 10 g average SAR
80	Figure E.19 – Wireless power transfer system configurations Figure E.20 – Electric field and magnetic field distributionsaround the coil when an input power is 1 W Figure E.21 – Exposure conditions for WPT system
81	E.3 Coupling factor E.3.1 WPT system for EV Table E.3 – Simulated result of local SAR and whole-body average SAR by Nagoya Institute of Technology (NITech) / NTT DOCOMO and NICT (input power is 40 W)
83	Figure E.22 – Top and bird’s-eye views of (a) solenoid type and (b) circular spiral type coupling coils, and (c) geometry of electric vehicle with a wireless power transfer system [13] Table E.4 – Dimensions of WPT systems for electric vehiclesconsidered by different groups [13]
84	E.3.2 WPT system for mobile device Table E.5 – Coupling factor for internal electric field of WPT systems for EV [13]
85	E.3.3 Evaluation example of CF and GGSM using a cylinder model Figure E.23 – A numerical model of dielectric cylinder used in the calculation Table E.6 – Coupling factor for peak 10 g SAR for WPT systemsat 6,78 MHz (implemented on the desk) [13] Table E.7 – Coupling factor for internal electric field for WPT systemsat 6,78 MHz (implemented on the desk) [13]
87	Figure E.24 – Distribution of induced electric field strength insidethe cylinder in the vicinity of a one-turn loop with 1 A current Figure E.25 – A two-line current model
88	Figure E.26 – Decay profile of incident magnetic field for each component Figure E.27 – Profile of incident magnetic field for Gn = 13 (left) and 80 (right) Figure E.28 – Distribution of induced electric field for x-, y-, and z-componentsof the incident magnetic field profiles generated by GGSM
89	E.4 SAR measurement Table E.8 – NICT and IT’IS results of induced electric field and local peak 10 gaverage SAR in the dielectric cylinder using GGSM
90	Figure E.29 – Solenoid-type WPT system (left) and flat-spiral-type WPTsystem (right) used for SAR measurement Figure E.30 – SAR distribution in a liquid phantom, calculated by MoM (above) and measured by the developed measurement system (below) Table E.9 – Experimental and numerical results of spatial peak 10 g average SAR (input power = 10 W)
91	E.5 Contact current E.5.1 WPT system for EV Figure E.31 – Two conditions of contact current measurement
92	E.5.2 WPT systems for mobile (MHz) Figure E.32 – Contact currents with ungrounded condition Figure E.33 – Contact currents with grounded condition
93	Figure E.34 – Contact current with ungrounded metal Figure E.35 – Contact current with grounded metal
94	Annex F (informative)Medical implants F.1 Background F.2 Medical implant enhancement factor
95	Table F.1 – Preliminary medical implant enhancement factorsfor nerve stimulation up to 10 MHz Table F.2 – Preliminary medical implant enhancement factorsfor tissue heating up to 10 MHz (∆T)
96	Figure F.1 – Model of the insulated perfectly conducting wire with non-insulated bare tips used as generic implantable medical device Table F.3 – Dielectric and thermal properties assignedto the muscle tissue and to the generic implants
97	Table F.4 – Induced E-field in the homogeneous tissuewithout the implant to reach J-BR of ICNIRP 1998 Table F.5 – Induced E-field in the homogeneous tissue without the implantto reach SAR-BR of ICNIRP 1998 and IEEE 2005 for f ≥ 100 kHz
98	Figure F.2 – pSAR0,1g (W/kg) at the lead tip as a function of frequency in the range100 kHz to 10 MHz for each lead length (100 mm, 200 mm, 500 mm and 800 mm)
99	F.3 Numerical evaluation of medical implant enhancement factor F.3.1 General F.3.2 Numerical setup Figure F.3 – Induced E-field tangential to the implant, embedded in the homogeneous tissue, in the absence of the implant, to reach ICNIRP2010 BRs in the frequency range 10 kHz to 10 MHz and as a function of the lead length, when the implant is present
101	Bibliography

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
BSI	2018	106


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Status	Definitive
Pages	106
Publication Date	2018-05-23
ISBN	978 0 580 51319 0
Standard Number	PD IEC/TR 62905:2018
Title	Exposure assessment methods for wireless power transfer systems
Identical National Standard Of	IEC TR 62905:2018
Descriptors	Magnetic fields, Electromagnetic fields, Electric fields, Electric vehicles, Frequencies, Power systems (electric)
Publisher	BSI
Committee	GEL/106
ICS Codes	17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities

BSI PD IEC/TR 62905:2018

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