BS EN 16407-1:2014
$167.15
Non-destructive testing. Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays – Tangential radiographic inspection
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2014 | 40 |
This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of film and digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject.
This European Standard applies to the radiographic examination of pipes in metallic materials for service induced flaws such as corrosion pitting, generalized corrosion and erosion. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this standard should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels.
Weld inspection for typical welding process induced flaws is not covered, but weld inspection is included for corrosion/erosion type flaws.
The pipes may be insulated or not, and can be assessed where loss of material due, for example, to corrosion or erosion is suspected either inter nally or externally.
This part of EN 16407 covers the tangential inspection technique for detection and through -wall sizing of wall loss, including:
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with the source on the pipe centre line, and
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with the source offset from it by the pipe radius.
Part 2 of EN 16407 covers double wall radiography, and note that the double wall double image technique is often combined with tangential radiography with the source on the pipe centre line.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 4 | Contents Page |
| 6 | Foreword |
| 7 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 8 | 3 Terms and definitions |
| 10 | 4 Classification of radiographic techniques 5 General 5.1 Protection against ionising radiation |
| 11 | 5.2 Personnel qualification 5.3 Identification of radiographs 5.4 Marking 5.5 Overlap of films or digital images 5.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI) 5.6.1 Single wire or step hole IQIs 5.6.2 Duplex wire IQI (digital radiographs) |
| 12 | 6 Recommended techniques for making radiographs 6.1 Test arrangements 6.1.1 General 6.1.2 Radiation source located on the pipe centre line |
| 13 | 6.1.3 Radiation source located offset from the pipe centre line |
| 15 | 6.1.4 Alignment of beam and film/detector 6.2 Choice of radiation source |
| 16 | Table 1 — Maximum penetrated thickness range for different radiation sources for steel 6.3 Film systems and metal screens |
| 17 | Table 2 — Film system classes and metal screens for tangential radiography of steel, copper and nickel based alloy pipes |
| 18 | Table 3 — Film system classes and metal screens for tangential radiography of aluminium and titanium pipes 6.4 Screens and shielding for imaging plates (computed radiography only) |
| 19 | Table 4 —Metal front screens for CR for tangential radiography of steels, copper and nickel based alloys Table 5 — Metal front screens for CR for the digital tangential radiography of aluminium and titanium 6.5 Reduction of scattered radiation 6.5.1 Filters and collimators |
| 20 | 6.5.2 Interception of back scattered radiation 6.6 Source-to-detector distance |
| 21 | 6.7 Axial coverage and overlap |
| 22 | 6.8 Dimensional comparators |
| 23 | 6.9 Image saturation and use of lead strips to avoid burn-off 6.10 Selection of digital radiographic equipment 6.10.1 General |
| 24 | 6.10.2 CR systems 6.10.3 DDA systems 7 Radiograph/digital image sensitivity, quality and evaluation 7.1 Evaluation of image quality 7.1.1 General 7.1.2 Maximum grey level in free beam (digital radiographs) 7.1.3 Minimum normalized signal to noise ratio (digital radiographs) |
| 25 | 7.2 Density of film radiographs 7.3 Film processing 7.4 Film viewing conditions |
| 26 | 7.5 Dimensional calibration of radiographs or digital images 7.5.1 General 7.5.2 Measurement of distances in radiographic setup |
| 27 | 7.5.3 Measurement of pipe outside diameter 7.5.4 Dimensional comparator |
| 28 | 7.6 Wall thickness measurements for film radiographs 7.7 Wall thickness measurements for digital radiographs 7.7.1 Interactive on-screen measurements 7.7.2 Grey-level profile analysis methods |
| 29 | 8 Digital image recording, storage, processing and viewing 8.1 Scan and read out of image 8.2 Multi radiograph technique |
| 30 | 8.3 Calibration of DDAs 8.4 Bad pixel interpolation 8.5 Image processing 8.6 Digital image recording and storage |
| 31 | 8.7 Monitor viewing conditions 9 Test report |
| 33 | Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution |
| 37 | Annex B (informative) Choice of radiation source for different pipes |
| 38 | Bibliography |
