This Part of this document specifies requirements for the design of unfired pressure vessels covered by EN 13445-1:2019 and constructed of steels in accordance with EN 13445-2:2019. EN 13445-5:2019, Annex C specifies requirements for the design of access and inspection openings, closing mechanisms and special locking elements. NOTE This Part applies to design of vessels before putting into service. It may be used for in service calculation or analysis subject to appropriate adjustment.

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1	compares BS EN 13445-3:2021
2	TRACKED CHANGES Text example 1 — indicates added text (in green)
81	8.5.3.8.2 For a flat bar stiffener
84	8.6 Conical shell 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Additional notation specific to cones
85	8.6.3 Interstiffener collapse
86	8.6.4.1.2 Light stiffeners
88	8.6.4.2 Varying shell thickness, stiffener size or spacing
89	8.6.5 Cone-cylinder intersections
92	8.7 Spherical shells 8.7.1 Design procedure
93	8.7.2 Permissible shape deviations 8.8 Vessel ends 8.8.1 Hemispherical ends 8.8.2 Torispherical ends 8.8.3 Ellipsoidal ends 9 Openings in shells 9.1 Purpose
94	9.2 Specific definitions 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.2.1 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6 9.2.7 9.2.8 9.2.9 9.2.10
95	9.2.11 9.2.12 9.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations 9.3.1 Subscripts
98	9.4 General
99	9.4.4 Elliptical or obround openings 9.4.4.1 Elliptical or obround openings reinforced by increased shell wall thickness, reinforcing plate or reinforcing ring (see 9.4.1 a), b) or c) ) 9.4.4.2 Openings reinforced by elliptical or obround nozzles normal to the shell wall (see 9.4.1.d)
100	9.4.5 Limitations on diameter 9.4.5.2 Openings with reinforcing plates 9.4.5.3 Openings in dished ends 9.4.5.4 Openings with nozzles 9.4.6 Effective thickness for nozzles
101	9.4.6.2 in creep applications (i.e.: when the calculation temperature is situated in the creep range) 9.4.6.3 in applications without creep and without fatigue assessment using Clause 17 (i.e.: when the calculation temperature is situated out of the creep range and the opening is not a critical area as defined in 17.2) 9.4.7 Nozzles to shell connections 9.4.8 Distance between a nozzle and a shell butt-weld
109	9.5 Isolated openings 9.5.1 Limitations
112	9.5.2.3 General requirements for reinforcement 9.5.2.3.2 Joint coefficient 9.5.2.3.2.2 Nozzle with a longitudinal weld
113	9.5.2.3.2.3 Reinforcing pad with a weld 9.5.2.3.3 Fillet weld areas for compensation 9.5.2.4 Pressure loaded cross-sectional areas Ap and stress loaded cross-sectional areas Af 9.5.2.4.2 Shells with openings without nozzle or reinforcing ring, with or without reinforcing pads
114	If the closure of the opening is located inside the shell (as in Figure 9.4-2 ), then: For adequate reinforcement either EquationFormula (9.5-7) or (9.5-11), as appropriate, shall be satisfied. 9.5.2.4.2.2 On conical shell, longitudinal cross-section If the closure of the opening is located inside the ring, then: For adequate reinforcement either EquationFormula (9.5-7) or (9.5-11), as appropriate, shall be satisfied.
115	9.5.2.4.2.3 On spherical shell, dished end, cylindrical and conical shell, transverse section 9.5.2.4.3 Shells with openings without nozzle, reinforced by reinforcing rings
119	9.5.2.4.4.2 Extruded nozzles 9.5.2.4.4.3 Nozzle in cylindrical shell, longitudinal cross-section
120	9.5.2.4.4.4 Nozzle in conical shell, longitudinal cross-section 9.5.2.4.4.5 Nozzle in spherical shell, dished end, cylindrical and conical shell, transverse section
121	9.5.2.4.5 Nozzles oblique to the shell, with or without reinforcing pads 9.5.2.4.5.1 General 9.5.2.4.5.2 General for cylindrical and conical shells
122	9.5.2.4.5.3 Oblique nozzle in cylindrical shell, longitudinal cross-section 9.5.2.4.5.4 Oblique nozzle in conical shell, longitudinal cross-section 9.5.2.4.5.5 Oblique nozzle in cylindrical and conical shell, transverse section
123	9.5.2.4.5.6 General for oblique nozzles in spherical shells and dished ends
127	9.6 Multiple openings 9.6.1 Adjacent openings 9.6.2 Conditions under which a ligament check is not required 9.6.3 Ligament check of adjacent openings
128	9.6.3.2 Openings in cylindrical and conical shells
129	9.6.3.3 Openings in spherical shells and dished ends 9.6.3.4 Adjacent openings in regular hole pattern
130	9.6.4 Overall check of adjacent openings
137	9.7 Openings close to a shell discontinuity 9.7.2 Rules regarding wmin
138	9.7.2.3 Openings in domed and bolted ends 9.7.2.4 Openings in elliptical and torispherical ends 9.7.2.5 Openings in hemispherical ends 9.7.3 Rules regarding wp
144	10 Flat ends 10.1 Purpose
145	10.2 Specific definitions 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
147	10.4 Unpierced circular flat ends welded to cylindrical shells 10.4.1 General 10.4.2 Limitations
148	10.4.3 Flat ends with a hub
150	10.4.5 Flat ends with a relief groove
152	Figure 10.4-5 — Values of coefficient C2
154	10.5 Unpierced bolted circular flat ends 10.5.1 General 10.5.2 Flat end with a narrow-face gasket
156	10.5.4 Flat ends with unequally spaced bolts 10.6 Pierced circular flat ends 10.6.1 General
157	10.6.2 Flat end thickness
161	10.7 Flat ends of non-circular or annular shape 10.7.1 General 10.7.2 Unpierced rectangular, elliptical or obround flat ends
162	10.7.3 Unpierced annular plates 10.7.4 Reinforcement of openings in rectangular, elliptical or obround flat ends or annular plates Figure 10.7-1 — Shape factor C3 for welded non-circular flat ends
163	Figure 10.7-2 — Shape factor C3 for bolted rectangular flat end with full-face gasket
165	11 Flanges 11.1 Purpose 11.2 Specific definitions 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.2.6 11.2.7
166	11.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
168	11.4 General 11.4.1 Introduction 11.4.2 Use of standard flanges without calculation
169	11.4.3 Bolting 11.4.3.2 Nuts
170	11.4.3.3 Threaded holes Table 11.4-1 — Gaskets for standard flanges
171	11.4.4 Flange construction 11.4.5 Machining 11.4.6 Gaskets
172	11.5 Narrow face gasketed flanges
174	11.5.2 Bolt loads and areas
175	11.5.3 Flange moments
177	Figure 11.5-4 — Value of βv for ( = 0,3 (integral method factor) Figure 11.5-5 — Value of βv for ( = 0,3 (integral method factor)
180	Figure 11.5-7 — Value of βFL for ( = 0,3 (loose hub flange factor)
184	11.5.4.2 Stress limits 11.5.5 Narrow face flanges subject to external pressure
185	11.5.6 Lap joints
186	Figure 11.5-9 — Stepped loose flange 11.5.6.2 Stub flange 11.5.6.3 Loose flange
188	11.6 Full face flanges with soft ring type gaskets Figure .11.6-1 — Full face flange (soft gasket)
189	11.6.2 Bolt loads and areas
191	11.6.4 Full face flanges subject to external pressure 11.7 Seal welded flanges
192	11.8 Reverse narrow face flanges 11.8.1 Internal pressure
193	Figures 11.8-1 — Reverse narrow face flange
195	11.8.2 External pressure 11.9 Reverse full face flanges 11.9.1 General 11.9.2 Design following method of 11.5
196	Figure 11.9-1 — Reverse full face flange design to 11.9.2
197	11.9.3 Design following method of 11.6
198	11.10 Full face flanges with metal to metal contact 11.10.1 General 11.10.2 Specific symbols and abbreviations
199	Figure 11.10-1 — Flange with full face metal to metal contact and O-ring seal
200	12 Bolted domed ends 12.1 Purpose 12.2 Specific definitions 12.2.1 12.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
201	12.4 General 12.5 Bolted domed ends with narrow face gaskets 12.5.1 Dome concave to pressure
202	Figure 12-1 — Bolted domed end with narrow face gasket
203	12.5.2 Dome convex to pressure 12.6 Bolted domed ends with full face joints 12.6.1 Bolted domed ends with full face joints concave to pressure
204	Figure 12-2 — Bolted domed end with full face gasket 13 Heat Exchanger Tubesheets 13.1 Purpose
205	13.2 Specific definitions 13.2.1 13.2.2 13.2.3 13.2.4 13.2.5 13.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
206	Figure 13.1-1 — Three types of tubesheet heat exchangers
208	13.4 U-tube tubesheet heat exchangers 13.4.1 Scope Figure 13.4.1-1 — Typical U-tube tubesheet heat exchanger
210	Figure 13.4.2-1 — Local reduction of thickness at tubesheet periphery
211	13.4.2.2 Tubes 13.4.2.3 Shell and channel 13.4.2.4 Loading 13.4.3 Symbols
213	13.4.4 Design considerations
214	13.4.4.2 Design conditions 13.4.4.3 Determination of intermediate coefficients
215	Table 13.4.4-1 ― Coefficients for integral shell and/or channel
218	13.4.6 Design of shell and channel at their junction with the tubesheet 13.4.6.1 Determination of stresses in shell (configurations a, b, c)
220	13.4.7 Treatment of configurations with a full face gasket Figure 13.4.7-1 — Tubesheet extended as a flange with a full face gasket (Configurations b’, d’, e’)
221	Figure 13.4.7-2 — Various types of configuration d’ 13.4.7.3 Design rule 13.5 Fixed tubesheet heat exchangers 13.5.1 Scope
222	Figure 13.5.1-1 — Typical fixed tubesheet heat exchanger
224	Figure 13.5.2-1 – Local reduction of thickness at tubesheet periphery
225	13.5.2.2 Tubes 13.5.2.3 Shell 13.5.2.4 Channel
226	13.5.2.5 Loading 13.5.3 Symbols
228	13.5.4 Design considerations
229	13.5.4.2 Design conditions 13.5.4.3 Determination of intermediate coefficients
231	13.5.4.4 Effective pressure Pe 13.5.5 Tubesheet design
232	13.5.5.2 Shear stress
233	13.5.6 Tube design 13.5.6.2 Equivalent stress
234	13.5.7.1.2 Equivalent stress
235	13.5.7.2 Shell design at its junction with the tubesheets 13.5.7.2.1 Axial bending stress 13.5.7.2.2 Equivalent stress 13.5.8 Channel design at its junction with the tubesheet 13.5.8.1 Axial membrane stress
236	13.5.8.2 Axial bending stress 13.5.8.3 Equivalent stress 13.5.9 Shell with different thickness or different material adjacent to the tubesheet 13.5.9.2 Conditions of applicability
237	Figure 13.5.9-1 — Shell with increased thickness adjacent to the tubesheets 13.5.9.4 Design calculations
238	13.5.10 Treatment of configurations with a full face gasket Figure 13.5.10-1 — Tubesheet with a full face gasket (configurations b’, d’) 13.5.10.3 Design rule
249	13.6 Floating tubesheet heat exchangers 13.6.1 Scope
253	Figure 13.6.2-1 — Local reduction of thickness at stationary tubesheet periphery
254	Figure 13.6.2-2 — Local reduction of thickness at floating tubesheet periphery
255	13.6.2.2 Tubes 13.6.2.3 Shell 13.6.2.4 Channel
256	13.6.2.5 Loading 13.6.3 Symbols
257	Subscripts:
258	13.6.4 Design considerations 13.6.4.2 Design conditions
259	13.6.4.3 Determination of intermediate factors
260	13.6.4.4 Effective pressure Pe
261	13.6.5 Tubesheet design 13.6.5.2 Shear stress
262	13.6.6 Tube design 13.6.6.2 Equivalent stress
263	13.6.7.1 Axial membrane stress 13.6.7.2 Axial bending stress 13.6.7.3 Equivalent stress 13.6.8 Channel design at its junction with the stationary tubesheet 13.6.8.1 Axial membrane stress
264	13.6.8.2 Axial bending stress 13.6.8.3 Equivalent stress 13.6.9 Treatment of configurations with a full face gasket Figure 13.6.9-1 — Tubesheet with full face gasket (Configurations b’, d’, e’,)
265	13.6.9.3 Design rule 13.6.10 Internally sealed floating tubesheet heat exchanger 13.6.10.2 Conditions of applicability 13.6.10.3 Tubesheet design
266	13.6.10.4 Tube design 13.7 Tubesheet characteristics 13.7.1 Purpose 13.7.2 Conditions of applicability
267	13.7.4 Design considerations Figure 13.7.3-1 — Tubesheet layout Figure 13.7.3-2 — Definition of hg
269	Figure 13.7.3-5 — Determination of area S 13.7.6 Determination of the basic ligament efficiency ( for shear 13.7.7 Determination of the effective ligament efficiency ( * for bending
270	13.7.8 Determination of the effective elastic constants E * and ( * 13.7.9 Determination of the effective bending rigidity of the tubesheet D *
271	Figure 13.7.8-1 — Curves for the determination of E * / E and ( *
272	Figure 13.7.8-2 — Curves for the determination of E * /E and ( * (square pattern)
273	13.8 Maximum permissible tube to tubesheet joint stress 13.8.1 Purpose 13.8.2 Symbols 13.8.3 Determination of maximum permissible tube-to-tubesheet joint stress
274	13.9 Maximum permissible longitudinal compressive stress for tubes 13.9.1 Purpose 13.9.2 Symbols 13.9.3 Determination of maximum permissible buckling stress
276	Figure 13.9.3-1 — Definition of lengths l1 , l1 ‘, l2 , l2 ‘ , l3
277	13.10 Design of tubesheet flange extension with a narrow face gasket 13.10.1 Purpose 13.10.2 Conditions of applicability Figure 13.10.1-1 — Tubesheet flange extension
278	13.10.4 Design considerations
280	13.11 Design of tubesheet flange extension with a full face gasket 13.11.1 Purpose 13.11.2 Conditions of applicability Figure 13.11.1-1 — Tubesheet flange extension
281	13.11.4 Design considerations
282	Figure 13.11.4-1 — Analysis thickness of tubesheet flange extension 13.12 Special tube-to-tubesheet welded joints 13.12.1 Purpose
283	13.12.2 Additional symbols 13.12.3 Tubes welded to the outer tubesheet face with machined grooves Figure 13.12.3-1 — Tube welded to the outer tubesheet face with machined grooves
284	Figure 13.12.4-1 — Inserted tube welded to the inner tubesheet face having machined grooves Figure 13.12.5-1 — Partially inserted tubes welded to the inner tubesheet face
285	Figure 13.12.6-1 — Tube butt welded to the inner tubesheet face with hub 13.12.7 Tubes butt welded to the inner tubesheet face with machined grooves
286	Figure 13.12.7-1 — Tubes butt welded to the inner tubesheet face with machined groove 14 Expansion bellows 14.1 Purpose 14.2 Specific definitions 14.2.1 Expansion bellows 14.2.2 Convolution
287	14.2.3 End tangents 14.2.4 Collar 14.2.5 Reinforcing and equalizing rings
288	14.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
290	14.4 Conditions of applicability 14.4.1 Geometry 14.4.2 Loading
291	14.4.3 Temperature 14.4.4 Materials 14.4.5 Welding seams
292	Table 14.4.5-1 — Typical bellows attachment welds
293	14.5 U-shaped unreinforced bellows 14.5.1 General Figure 14.5.1-1 — U-shaped unreinforced bellows
611	Annex A Design requirements for pressure bearing welds
632	Table A-8 — Nozzles
635	Annex B Design by Analysis – Direct Route B.1 Introduction B.1.1 General B.1.2 Purpose B.1.3 Special requirements B.1.4 Creep design
636	B.2 Specific definitions B.2.1 B.2.2 B.2.3 B.2.4 B.2.5
637	B.2.6 B.2.7 B.2.8 B.2.9 B.2.10 B.2.11 B.2.12 B.2.13 B.2.14 B.2.15
638	B.2.16 B.2.17 B.2.18 B.2.19 B.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations B.3.1 Subscripts
639	B.3.2 Symbols B.4 Failure modes and limit states
641	B.5 Methodology B.5.1 General, design checks B.5.1.1 General B.5.1.2 Design checks for calculation temperatures below the creep range B.5.1.3 Design checks for calculation temperatures in the creep range
642	B.5.2 Procedure B.6 Actions B.6.1 Classification
643	B.6.2 Characteristic values and characteristic functions of actions Table B.6-1 — Characteristic values for different types of action
644	Figure B.6-1 — Typical plot of coincident temperatures and pressures
645	B.6.3 Design values and design functions of actions B.7 Design models B.7.1 General
646	B.7.2 Geometry B.7.3 Clad components B.7.4 Constitutive laws
647	B.7.5 Material parameters B.7.5.1 Material strength parameters B.7.5.1.2 Long-term characteristic values B.7.5.2 Other material parameters
648	B.7.6 Structural strain B.8 Non-creep Design checks B.8.1 General B.8.2 Gross Plastic Deformation (GPD) B.8.2.1 Principle
649	B.8.2.2 Application rule: Lower bound limit approach B.8.2.3 Design checks for normal operating load cases Table B.8-1 — Partial safety factors for actions and normal operating load cases
651	B.8.2.4 Design checks for testing load cases Table B.8-3 ― Partial safety factors for actions and testing load cases Table B.8-4 ― RM and γR for testing load cases
652	B.8.3 Progressive Plastic Deformation (PD) B.8.3.1 Principle B.8.3.2 Application rule 1: Technical adaptation B.8.3.3 Application rule 2: Shakedown (SD) B.8.3.4 Application rule 3: Technical Shakedown
653	B.8.3.5 Application rule 4: Technical shakedown for mechanical actions B.8.3.6 Design checks
654	B.8.4 Instability (I) B.8.4.1 Principle B.8.4.2 Application rule 1: Experimental results B.8.4.3 Application rule 2: Clause 8 (for pressure action) B.8.4.4 Design checks for normal operating load cases
655	B.8.4.5 Design checks for testing load cases B.8.5 Cyclic Fatigue failure (F) B.8.5.1 Principle B.8.5.2 Application rule B.8.5.3 Particular requirements B.8.6 Static equilibrium (SE) B.8.6.1 Principle B.8.6.2 Design checks
656	B.9 Creep design checks B.9.1 General B.9.2 Welded joints
657	B.9.3 Material creep strength parameters B.9.4 Creep Rupture (CR) B.9.4.1 Principle B.9.4.2 Application rule: Lower bound limit approach B.9.4.3 Design Checks
658	Table B.9-1 — Partial safety factors for actions for CR load cases
659	B.9.5 Excessive Creep Strain (ECS) B.9.5.1 Principle B.9.5.2 Equivalent creep strain B.9.5.3 Application Rule 1: Long creep periods (life fraction rule) B.9.5.3.2 Determination of the creep design temperature
660	B.9.5.3.3 Determination of the reference stress B.9.5.3.3.1 Determination of the elastic limit action B.9.5.3.3.2 Material strength parameters and partial safety factors B.9.5.3.3.3 Determination of the (strain limiting) limit action . B.9.5.3.3.4 Reference stress
661	B.9.5.3.4 Determination of the weighted lifetime B.9.5.3.5 Creep damage indicator B.9.5.4 Application Rule 2: Long, interrupted creep periods
662	B.9.5.4.2 Action cycles with negligible creep B.9.5.4.3 Action cycles without plastification B.9.5.5 Design checks B.9.6 Creep and cyclic fatigue (CFI)
663	Annex C Design by analysis — Method based on stress categories C.1 Purpose
664	C.2 Specific definitions C.2.1 C.2.2 C.2.3
665	C.2.4 C.2.5 C.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
666	C.4 Representative stresses C.4.1 Equivalent stress
667	C.4.2 Equivalent stress range
668	C.4.3 Total stress – elementary stresses C.4.4 Decomposition of stresses C.4.4.1 Supporting line segment C.4.4.2 Membrane stress C.4.4.3 Bending stress
669	C.4.4.4 Linearised stress C.4.4.5 Nonlinearity stress
670	Figure C-2 — Decomposition of an elementary stress
671	Figure C-3 — Decomposition of the longitudinal stress on the particular case of a cylindrical shell subject to an external bending moment M C.4.5 Requirements relating to the methods for determining stresses C.4.5.1 Assumption of linear elasticity
672	C.4.5.2 Selection of methods for determining stresses C.5 Classification of stresses
673	Table C-2 — Classification of stresses in some typical cases
676	C.6 Stress analysis procedure
677	C.7 Non-creep assessment criteria C.7.1 General
678	Table C-3 — Illustration of assessment criteria
679	Table C-3 — Illustration of assessment criteria
680	C.7.2 Limitation of equivalent primary stresses C.7.3 Limitation of equivalent stress ranges resulting from primary + secondary stresses C.7.4 Alternative to limitation of equivalent stresses and equivalent stress ranges
681	C.7.5 Limitation of primary stresses in case of tri-axial state of stress C.7.6 Simplified elastic-plastic analysis C.7.7 Prevention of incremental collapse resulting from thermal ratcheting C.7.7.1 General
682	C.7.7.2 Specific parameters C.7.7.3 Assessment criterion C.8.1 EquationsFormulae to be used
683	C.8 Creep assessment criteria C.8.2 Assessment criteria for a single creep load case C.8.3 Assessment criteria for multiple creep load cases
685	Annex D Verification of the shape of vessels subject to external pressure D.1 Purpose D.2 Specific definitions D.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations D.4 Methods of measurement D.5 Cylindrical and conical sections D.5.1 General D.5.2 Direct measurement
687	D.5.3 Templates
688	D.5.4 Chord gauge D.5.4.1 Method
690	D.6 Spheres and spherical sections
693	Annex E Procedure for calculating the departure from the true circle of cylinders and cones E.1 Purpose E.2 Specific definitions E.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations E.4 Method
696	Annex F Allowable external pressure for vessels outside circularity tolerance F.1 Purpose F.2 Specific definitions F.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations F.4 Method
698	Annex G Alternative design rules for flanges and gasketed flange connections G.1 Purpose G.2 Specific definitions G.2.1
699	G.2.2 G.2.3 G.2.4 G.2.5 G.2.6 G.2.7 G.2.8 G.2.9 G.2.10 G.2.11 G.2.12 G.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations G.3.1 Use of figures
700	G.3.2 Subscripts and special marks G.3.2.1 Subscripts
701	G.3.2.2 Special marks G.3.3 Symbols
706	Figure G.3-1 ― Applied loads and lever arms
714	G.4 General G.4.1 Conditions of applicability G.4.1.1 Geometry G.4.1.2 Material characteristics G.4.1.3 Loads
715	G.4.2G.4.1.4 Mechanical model
716	G.5 Parameters G.5.1 Flange parameters G.5.1.1 General G.5.1.2 Flange ring G.5.1.2.2 Effective dimensions of flange ring
717	G.5.1.3 Connected shell G.5.1.3.2 No hub G.5.1.3.3 Blank flange (no connected shell) G.5.1.4 Lever arms
718	G.5.1.4.1 General G.5.1.5 Flexibility-related flange parameters
719	G.5.1.5.1 Integral flange, stub or collar
720	G.5.2 Bolt parameters G.5.2.1 Effective cross-section area of bolts G.5.2.2 Flexibility modulus of bolts G.5.3 Gasket parameters G.5.3.1 Theoretical width
721	G.5.3.2 Effective width
722	Table G.5-1 ― Effective gasket geometry
723	G.5.3.3 Axial flexibility modulus of gasket G.6 Forces G.6.1 General G.6.2 Loads G.6.2.1 Assembly condition (I = 0) G.6.2.2 Subsequent conditions (I = 1, 2, 3…) G.6.2.2.2 Additional external loads G.6.2.2.3 Thermal loads
724	G.6.3 Compliance of the joint G.6.4 Minimum forces necessary for the gasket G.6.4.1 Assembly condition (I = 0) G.6.4.2 Subsequent conditions (I = 1, 2, 3…) G.6.5 Forces in assembly condition (I = 0) G.6.5.1 Required forces
725	G.6.5.2 Accounting for bolt-load scatter at assembly
726	G.6.6 Forces in subsequent conditions (I = 1, 2, 3…)
727	G.7 Load limits G.7.1 General G.7.2 Bolts
728	G.7.3 Gasket G.7.4 Integral flange, stub or collar
729	Table G.7-1 ― Determination of ΨZ
730	G.7.5 Blank flange G.7.6 Loose flange with stub or collar
731	G.8 Supplements to the method G.8.1 Requirement for limitation of non-uniformity of gasket stress
732	G.8.2 Dimensions of standard metric bolts
733	G.8.3 Scatter of bolting-up methods
734	G.8.4 Assembly using a torque wrench
735	G.8.5 Flange rotations G.8.5.1 General G.8.5.2 Use of flange rotation
736	G.8.5.3 Calculation of flange rotations G.9 Gasket properties G.9.1 General G.9.2 Specific symbols and abbreviations
738	G.9.3 Tables for gasket properties
745	G.10 Bibliography
746	Annex GA Alternative design rules for flanges and gasketed flange connections GA.1 Purpose GA.2 Specific definitions
747	GA.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
765	GA.5 Parameters
774	GA.6 Forces
779	GA.7 Load limits
786	GA.8 Supplements to the method
789	GA.9 Gasket properties
804	GA.10 Bibliography
805	Annex H Gasket factors m and y
808	Annex I Additional information on heat exchanger tubesheet design I.1 Loading cases for fixed tubesheet heat exchangers I.1.1 Purpose I.1.2 Specific definitions I.1.3 Specific symbols I.1.4 General procedure
809	I.1.5 Simplified procedure for normal operating conditions
810	Table I.1.5-1 — Enveloping loading conditions I.2 Calculation of floating tubesheet heat exchanger using 13.5 I.2.1 Purpose I.2.2 2.2 Specific definitions I.2.3 Specific symbols I.2.4 Design method
812	Annex J Alternative method for the design of heat exchanger tubesheets J.1 Purpose J.2 Specific definitions J.2.1 J.2.2 J.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations J.3.1 General
816	J.3.2 Subscripts
822	J.4 General J.4.1 Conditions of applicabilityScope J.4.1.1 Geometry and materials
823	J.4.1.2 Loads
824	J.4.2 Mechanical model
825	J.4.3 Calculation method J.4.3.1 Required calculation checks
826	J.4.3.2 Load cases to be calculatedconsidered
827	J.4.3.3 Working with Application of the method J.4.3.3.2 Main conclusions J.5 Parameters for all types J.5.1 Diameters and widths J.5.1.1 Outside diameter d1 of tubed regionarea
828	J.5.1.1.2 Maximum diameter d1(max) J.5.1.1.3 Minimum diameter d 1 ( m in ) J.5.1.1.3.1 Defining trapezoidal areas J.5.1.1.3.2 Determination of the minimum perforated tubesheet area AR(min)
830	Calculate AR(min) to include all perforated and un-perforated areas as follows: cg) Measurement of area: J.5.1.1.3.3 Calculation of the minimum diameter of the perforated tubesheet area Calculate d1(min) from AR(min) as follows: NOTE If d1(min) exceeds d1(max), the calculation is incorrect and should be checked. J.5.1.1.4 Calculation of the Averageaverage diameter of the perforated tubesheet area d1(av) Calculate d1(av) as follows: J.5.1.1.5 Calculation of the outside diameter of the perforated tubesheet area d1 Compare the calculated diameter difference and the allowable diameter tolerance as follows: If the following condition is met: In all following calculations, put If the condition EquationFormula (J.5.1-13) is not met, calculate M as follows: where is the integer belowless than or equal to the value of
831	Make all subsequent calculations M times with values of d1 given by:
835	J.5.2 Perforated tubesheet area of the tubesheet J.5.2.1 Effective tube holeshole diameter J.5.2.2 Parameters of equivalent weakened plate J.5.2.2 Perforated plate parameters
836	J.6 Tubesheets unsupported by tubes J.6.1 General J.6.2 Active pressures J.6.3 GovernGoverning pressure and distribution parameter J.7 Tubesheets supported by straight tubes J.7.1 General and constant parameters J.7.1.1 Scope
837	J.7.1.2 Relative areas in the tubed regionarea The difference between both is the relative cross-sectional area of the tubes in the tubed regionarea: J.7.1.3 Buckling length of tubes J.7.1.3 Tube buckling length
838	Figure J.9 ― Definition of tube regionunsupported lengths of tube spans lA, lB, lC, basically for buckling
839	Table J.1 — Coefficients for determining buckling lengths
840	J.7.2 Active direct pressures J.7.3 Tube support J.7.3.1 Allowable longitudinal stresses in the tubestube stress
841	J.7.3.2 Calculated design stress for the tube-to-tubesheet connection
842	J.7.3.3 Allowable axial forces per unit area unit of the tubebundletube bundle J.7.4 Reactive pressures J.7.5 Active resultant pressure J.7.5.1 General J.7.5.2 Immersed floating head (see Figure J.2)
843	J.7.5.3 Externally sealed floating head (dK shown in Figure J.3) J.7.5.4 Internally sealed floating head (dK shown in Figure J.4) J.7.5.5 Fixed tubesheets with expansion bellows (dK shown in Figure J.5) J.7.5.6 Fixed tubesheets without expansion bellows (see Figure J.6)
844	J.7.6 GovernGoverning pressure representing the resultant effective axial force J.7.6.1 Resultants of active and reactive axial forces per unit area unit in the tubebundletube bundle J.7.6.2 Force distribution parameter J.7.6.3 GovernGoverning pressure
845	J.8 Edge bending moments J.8.1 General
846	Figure J.10 — Both sides integral (no gasket) Figure J.11 — Both sides flanged (two gaskets)
847	Figure J.12 ― Channel flanged (one gasket)
848	J.8.2 MB = active fluid pressure bending moment For all cases \|λS\| < 0,05 simple MB = 0 may be assumed. More precise: All edge configurations with bS > 0, λS > 0: J.8.2 Active bolt load bending moment MA J.8.3 MC = reactive bending moment from connected components Edge configuration per Figure J-10: Both sides integral (no gasket): Edge configuration per Figure J-11: Both sides flanged (two gaskets): Edge configuration per Figure J-12: Channel flanged (one gasket): Edge configuration per Figure J-13: Shell flanged (one gasket):
849	J.8.3 Active fluid pressure bending moment MB J.8.4 MD = reactive bending moment limitation by the tubesheet For all edge configurations the same limitation is valid: NOTE If the whole tubesheet has the same constant thickness, then is valid eP,red = eP. J.8.4 Reactive bending moment from connected components MC
850	J.8.5 Reactive bending moment limitation by the tubesheet MD J.8.6 Resultant optimum edge bending moment
851	J.8.7 Pressure representing the moment J.9 Limit load conditions for all tubesheets J.9.1 Bending within the tubed regionarea J.9.2 Shear at the boundary of the tubed region J.9.2 Checks at boundary of the tubed area and at the tubesheet flanged extension
852	J.9.3 Local loading on untubed regionsareas
853	J.9.4 Additional effect of weight
854	J.9.5 Interaction of different loadings J.10 Fatigue assessment for fixed tubesheet exchangers without expansion bellows J.10.1 Exemption forfrom fatigue analysis J.10.2 Simplified fatigue analysis
855	J.10.3 Detailed fatigue analysis J.10.3.1 Parameters
856	J.10.3.2 Forces and moments J.10.3.3 Stresses
857	Figure J.14 ― Values of Ke2 for different shell to tubesheet attachments
858	J.10.3.5 Formulae to Figure J.15
860	Annex K Additional information on expansion bellows design K.1 Guidance for the design of expansion bellows K.1.1 General
861	K.1.2 Type of bellows K.1.3 Multiply bellows K.1.4 Internal pressure capacity K.1.5 Fatigue life expectancy
862	K.1.6 Squirm due to internal pressure Figure K.1-1 — Squirm K.1.7 Instability due to external pressure
863	K.1.8 Bellows axial rigidity Figure K.1-2 — Axial rigidity K.1.9 Correlation testing
864	K.2 Polynomial approximation for coefficient Cp, Cf, Cd K.2.1 Coefficient Cp Table K.2.1-1 — Polynomial coefficients αi for the determination of Cp when C1 ≤ 0,3
865	Table K.2.1-2 — Polynomial coefficients αi for the determination of Cp when C1 > 0,3 K.2.2 Coefficient Cf Table K.2.2 — Polynomial coefficients βi for the determination of Cf
866	K.2.3 Coefficient Cd Table K.2.3 — Polynomial coefficients γi for the determination of Cd K.3 Procedure for setting-up of a design fatigue curve
867	Annex L Basis for design rules related to additional non-pressure loads L.1 Basis for calculation of line loads, lifting lugs, saddle supports and bracket supports
868	L.2 Bibliography
869	Annex M In service monitoring of vessels operating in fatigue or creep service M.1 Purpose M.2 Fatigue operation M.3 Measures to be taken when the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime has been reached and/or cracks or crack-like defects are detected
870	M.4 Operation in the creep range
871	M.5 Measures to be taken when the calculated allowable creep lifetime has been reached
872	M.6 Bibliography
873	Annex N Bibliography to Clause 18
874	Annex O Physical properties of steels O.1 Purpose O.2 Symbols and abbreviations O.3 Definitions O.3.1 density O.3.2 Differential coefficient of linear thermal expansion
875	O.3.3 Specific thermal capacity O.3.4 Thermal diffusivity O.3.5 Poisson’s ratio O.4 Physical properties of steels
876	O.4.2 Polynomial coefficients
878	O.4.3 Figures for physical properties of steels Figure O-1 ― Modulus of elasticity for steel
881	O.5 Bibliography
882	Annex P Classification of weld details to be assessed using principal stresses
883	Table P.1 — Seam welds
885	Table P.1 — Seam welds
886	Table P.1 — Seam welds (continued)
887	Table P.2 — Shell to head or tubesheet
891	Table P.3 — Branch connections
895	Table P.4 — Jackets
900	Table P.6 — Supports
906	Annex Q Simplified procedure for the fatigue assessment of unwelded zones
907	Annex R Coefficients for creep-rupture model equations for extrapolation of creep- rupture strength R.1 General
914	R.2 Bibliography
915	Annex S Extrapolation of the nominal design stress based on time-independent behaviour in the creep range S.1 General rule S.2 Results for EN 10028 materials
923	Annex T Design by experimental methods T.1 Purpose T.2 Specific definitions burst test burst test with global deformation control fatigue test T.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations
924	Table T.3-1 — Symbols
925	T.4 General requirements T.4.1 Experimental methods without any calculation T.4.2 Experimental methods and other design methods T.4.3 Test programme T.4.4 Requirements for a vessel or part for burst test
926	T.4.5 Requirements for a vessel or part for fatigue test T.4.6 Test medium T.4.7 Safety T.5 Methods T.5.1 Methods for pressure loading of predominantly non-cyclic nature T.5.1.1 General
927	T.5.1.2 Method A T.5.1.3 Method B T.5.1.4 Method C T.5.2 Methods for pressure loading of predominantly cyclic nature and fatigue tests
928	T.6 Test specifications T.6.1 Burst test of Method A T.6.1.1 Procedure
930	T.6.1.2 Acceptance criteria T.6.1.3 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure
931	T.6.1.4 Test report T.6.2 Burst test and global deformation control for Method B and Method C T.6.2.1 Procedure
932	Figure T.6-1 — Curve of pressure versus volume variation, for determination of Plim T.6.2.3 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure T.6.2.4 Test report
933	T.6.3 Fatigue test in conjunction with Methods B or C, design by formulae or design by analysis T.6.3.1 Test procedure T.6.3.2 Test factor
934	Table T.6-1 — Values of the factor k T.6.3.4 Test report T.7 Duplicate or similar parts T.7.1 General T.7.2 Duplicate parts
935	T.7.3 Similar parts T.7.3.1 General T.7.3.2 Determination of the maximum allowable pressure T.8 Bibliography
936	Annex U Guidance on negligibility of additional thermal cycles in fatigue and ratcheting assessment U.1 Purpose U.2 Specific definitions U.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations U.4 General U.4.1 Guidance for metal temperature estimates
937	U.4.2 Conditions in which thermal cycles may be neglected in fatigue assessment U.4.3 Conditions in which thermal cycles may be neglected in ratcheting assessment U.5 Thermal cycles acting not simultaneously to pressure cycles U.5.1 Fatigue assessment Table U-1 — Ranges of metal temperature difference ∆Tdiff,0 (in C) which may reasonably be neglected for unlimited number of thermal cycles acting not simultaneously to pressure cycles
938	U.5.2 Ratcheting assessment U.5.3 Ratcheting assessment for materials not included in EN standards
939	U.6 Thermal cycles acting simultaneously to pressure cycles Table U-3 — Temperature ranges ∆Tdiff,1 and ∆Tdiff,2 (in C) to calculate the ranges of metal temperature difference which may reasonably be neglected for thermal cycles acting simultaneously to pressure cycles
944	Annex V Consider a buffer for unknown nozzle loads — Opening design for unknown nozzle loads
945	Annex Y History of EN 13445-3 Y.1 Differences between EN 13445-3:20092014 and EN 13445-3:20142021 Y.2 List of corrected pages of Issue 2 (2015-07) Y.3 List of corrected pages of Issue 3 (2016-07) Y.4 List of corrected pages of Issue 4 (2017-07) Y.5 List of corrected pages of Issue 5 (2018-07)
946	Annex ZA Relationship between this European Standard and the essential requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2014/68/EU
947	Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2014/68/EU
1094	undefined

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
BSI	2021	1972


PDF Format	Searchable	Printable	Preview Now

Status	Withdrawn
Pages	1972
Publication Date	2021-06-03
ISBN	978 0 539 17939 2
Standard Number	BS EN 13445-3:2021 – TC
Title	Tracked Changes. Unfired pressure vessels – Design
Descriptors	Unfired pressure vessels, Pressure equipment, Steels, Bulk storage containers, Pressure vessels, Design
Publisher	BSI
Committee	PVE/1
ICS Codes	23.020.30 - Pressure vessels

BS EN 13445-3:2021 – TC

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