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BS 6349-8:2007

BS 6349-8:2007

$215.11

Maritime structures – Code of practice for the design of Ro-Ro ramps, linkspans and walkways

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2007 80
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This part of BS 6349 gives recommendations for the design of roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) ramps, linkspans and walkways, used for the transfer of passengers and vehicles between shore and ship.

It applies to the structural elements only and does not cover the design of any operational equipment, traffic control, mechanical or electrical equipment, heating, lighting, life saving or rescue equipment other than as the structures forming a facility need to incorporate and/or support any of these features. Most geometrical aspects of fixed shore ramps are covered in this part of BS 6349, but recommendations for all other aspects are given in BS 6349‑2.

This part of BS 6349 does not apply to Ro-Ro facilities used by rail vehicles in that it does not give recommendations for railway loading and associated ramp gradients. However, many of its recommendations are applicable to rail Ro-Ro facilities and can be used in the absence of other guidance.

NOTE This part of BS 6349 is generally intended to cover facilities constructed in the British Isles. Although the majority of the contents are directly applicable elsewhere, local conditions might necessitate modifications, e.g. environmental effects and traffic loading.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
3 Contents
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope 3
2 Normative references 4
3 Terms, definitions and symbols 5
4 General recommendations 10
5 Types of structure 16
6 Geometry 24
7 Loads, movements and factors 38
8 Structural analysis and design 57
9 Furniture, finishes and corrosion protection 62
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Load combinations and partial safety factors 66
Annex B (informative) Vehicle loadings 70
Bibliography 71
List of figures
Figure 1 – Linkspan types 18
Figure 2 – Passenger walkways – Type A – Motorized carriage at ship entry, swivel at building 21
Figure 3 – Passenger walkways – Type B – Motorized carriage at ship entry plus slave carriage and pod 22
Figure 4 – Passenger walkways – Type C – Traversing drawbridge on boarding pod 23
Figure 5 – Passenger walkways – Type D – Single tunnel supported on rail mounted gantry 23
Figure 6 – Roadway width and recommended edge clearance at raised kerbs 25
Figure 7 – Plan geometry of linkspans 26
Figure 8 – Interface diagrams 28
Figure 9 – Plan clearances for design 30
Figure 10 – Vertical geometry guidelines for normal circumstances 34
Figure 11 – Preferred transition geometry 37
Figure 12 – Extreme transition changes 37
Figure 13 – Axle weight spacings 50
Figure 14 – Loading influence line 51
Figure 15 – Definition of primary support path for suspension system 61
List of tables
Table 1 – Minimum roadway widths 24
Table 2 – Suggested motions of moored Ro-Ro vessels in harbour 32
Table 3 – Maximum operational longitudinal gradients for articulated elements (not including local slopes at ship ramp interface ends) 36
Table 4 – Vertical clearances 38
Table 5 – Values of factor gfL for superimposed dead loads 39
Table 6 – Values of factor gfL for dead loads from ship ramps and finger flaps 40
Table 7 – Wind on enclosed walkways 42
Table 8 – Values of factor gfL for snow loads 43
Table 9 – Values of factor gfL for water current loading 44
4 Table 10 – Values of factor gfL for wave loading 44
Table 11 – Values of factor gfL for berthing loads 45
Table 12 – Values of factor gfL for mooring loads 45
Table 13 – Values of factor gfL for other ship-induced loads 47
Table 14 – Values of gfL for use with accidental damage to suspension system 47
Table 15 – Notional lanes 49
Table 16 – Standard vehicles 50
Table 17 – Values of factor gfL for design loads 54
Table 18 – Annual flow of road vehicles (valid for up to 30% HGVs only) 55
Table 19 – Loads on vehicle and pedestrian restraint systems 57
Table A.1 – Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate value of gfL 66
5 Foreword
7 0 Introduction
0.1 Design traditions
a) BS 5400 does not cover:
b) Lloyd’s Rules does not cover:
0.2 Limit states
8 0.3 Design conditions
0.3.1 Operating condition
0.3.2 Extreme tidal condition
0.3.3 Methods of adjustment
9 0.3.4 Prevention of collapse
0.3.5 Maintenance condition
0.3.6 Design criteria
1 Scope
10 2 Normative references
11 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
15 3.2 Symbols
16 4 General recommendations
4.1 Planning
4.2 Risk assessment
4.3 Operation and maintenance manual
4.4 Design parameters
17 4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Layout of facility
4.4.3 Ships
18 4.4.4 Usage and design life
4.4.5 Method of ship control
4.4.6 Degree of automation in operation of facility
4.4.7 Adjustment of facility
19 4.4.8 Types of vehicles
4.4.9 Passenger traffic
4.4.10 Parking of vehicles or storage
4.4.11 Services
4.4.12 Operational equipment
a) method of sensing for automatic operations;
b) degree of redundancy in controls;
c) extent and forms of traffic control to regulate the use of traffic on the facility.
20 4.4.13 Water levels
4.4.14 Wave data
4.4.15 Effect of passing ships
4.5 Environmental conditions
4.5.1 Environmental impact
21 4.5.2 Meteorology and climatology
4.5.3 Bathymetry
4.5.4 Geotechnical considerations
4.5.5 Water quality
a) a water sample to determine at least the following:
b) a mud sample if appropriate to determine the same parameters as for the water sample;
c) historical information with regard to suspended solids, sediment transportation rates, water velocities, marine growth, marine fauna, etc.;
d) any history of microbiological-induced corrosion.
22 4.6 Load testing
5 Types of structure
5.1 General
23 5.2 Ro-Ro linkspans
a) The first is an articulated structure that connects the shore with a point close to the ship, the seaward end of which moves up and down to take account of the range of water levels and/or of different ship deck heights. This structure may consist of:
1) a mechanically lifted linkspan;
2) an integral tank or semi-submersible linkspan; or
3) a link bridge supported by a pontoon.
b) The second, often shorter, element provides the connection onto the ship and mainly caters for movements of the ship, particu…
24 Figure 1 Linkspan types
25 Figure 1 Linkspan types (continued)
5.3 Fixed shore elements
26 5.4 Walkways
a) Type A (Figure 2) has a motorized carriage at the ship entry and a hinged link that pivots at a fixed building or platform.
b) Type B (Figure 3) has a motorized carriage at the ship entry plus a slave carriage and pod of fixed height that communicates with a fixed platform.
27 c) Type C (Figure 4) has a traversing drawbridge on a long boarding pod that communicates with a hinged link to a fixed platform.
d) Type D (Figure 5) is similar to Type A, but with the ship and the shore end on a motorized gangway (or the whole inside a motorized gantry frame).
Figure 2 Passenger walkways – Type A – Motorized carriage at ship entry, swivel at building
28 Figure 3 Passenger walkways – Type B – Motorized carriage at ship entry plus slave carriage and pod
29 Figure 4 Passenger walkways – Type C – Traversing drawbridge on boarding pod
Figure 5 Passenger walkways – Type D – Single tunnel supported on rail mounted gantry
30 6 Geometry
6.1 General
6.2 Plan geometry
6.2.1 Roadway width
Table 1 Minimum roadway widths
31 Figure 6 Roadway width and recommended edge clearance at raised kerbs
32 Figure 7 Plan geometry of linkspans
6.2.2 Interface and ship ramp landing area
33 6.2.3 Interface limit line, clearances and design approach
6.2.3.1 Linkspans onto which a ship ramp is lowered
6.2.3.2 Linkspans with finger flaps or ramps that lower onto the deck of a ship
34 Figure 8 Interface diagrams
35 Figure 8 Interface diagrams (continued)
36 6.2.3.3 Other clearances
Figure 9 Plan clearances for design
37 a) in the case shown in Figure 8a), the length of the ship ramp landing area will normally be 3.0 m;
b) in the case shown in Figure 8b), the length of the ship ramp landing area will normally be 1.0 m.
6.2.4 Plan movements
a) ship movements at deck level whilst berthed, longitudinally and/or laterally due to rolling, ranging, yawing, swaying, heaving and pitching as relevant, allowing for deflection of fenders and dolphins and the stretch of mooring lines;
b) movements within vertical guides to pontoons or arising from sea state. This should include an allowance for tolerance in verticality of piles. Any allowance should be not less than ±75 mm in any direction;
c) thermal expansion and contraction of the facility;
d) the horizontal components of vertical movements, e.g. during raising or lowering of one end of a linkspan (arcing), arising f…
38 Table 2 Suggested motions of moored Ro-Ro vessels in harbour
1) the failure strength of the obstruction;
2) the failure strength of the ship ramp or other ship-mounted feature that might foul with such obstructions; or
3) the calculated load derived from an assessment of the wind, current or other loads that the ship might exert on the structure. This approach might not be advisable if these loads cannot be reliably calculated.
39 6.3 Vertical geometry
6.3.1 Ship ramps
6.3.2 Linkspans and fixed shore ramps
40 Figure 10 Vertical geometry guidelines for normal circumstances
41 Figure 10 Vertical geometry guidelines for normal circumstances (continued)
42 6.3.3 Maximum longitudinal gradient
Table 3 Maximum operational longitudinal gradients for articulated elements (not including local slopes at ship ramp interface ends)
6.3.4 Transition areas
a) the need for adequate ground clearance, taking into account wheel base and the projection of vehicles and handling equipment;
b) the full range between low and high design water levels, i.e. the design operating condition under the critical combination of loading;
c) movements due to relative deformations, including:
d) the possibility of loose elements such as flaps projecting above roadway level under rotational movements.
43 Figure 11 Preferred transition geometry
Figure 12 Extreme transition changes
44 6.3.5 Vertical clearances (headroom)
Table 4 Vertical clearances
7 Loads, movements and factors
7.1 General
45 a) the nominal loads as specified in BS 5400-2 or as varied by this part of BS 6349 should be multiplied by partial load factors gfL to derive the design load effects for each of the limit states under consideration;
b) the values of gfL for each combination of load can be taken from Annex A;
c) the load combinations for use in selecting load factors should be as set out in BS 5400-2, as follows:
7.2 Dead loads
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Superimposed dead loads
Table 5 Values of factor gfL for superimposed dead loads
46 7.2.3 Dead loads from ship ramps and finger flaps
Table 6 Values of factor gfL for dead loads from ship ramps and finger flaps
47 7.3 Wind loading
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Maximum wind gust speed
7.3.3 Wind on enclosed passenger walkways or service walkways
48 Table 7 Wind on enclosed walkways
7.4 Temperature
a) it induces loads in supports in indeterminate structures; and
b) it creates self-equilibrating stresses in the section.
7.5 Effects of shrinkage and creep, residual stresses, etc.
7.6 Differential settlement
7.7 Other loads
7.7.1 Snow load
49 Table 8 Values of factor gfL for snow loads
7.7.2 Hydrostatic loads
7.7.3 Water current loading
50 Table 9 Values of factor gfL for water current loading
7.7.4 Wave loading
Table 10 Values of factor gfL for wave loading
7.7.5 Berthing loads
51 Table 11 Values of factor gfL for berthing loads
7.7.6 Mooring loads
Table 12 Values of factor gfL for mooring loads
52 7.7.7 Other ship-induced loadings
7.7.7.1 General
7.7.7.2 Secondary loads from ship interface
7.7.7.3 Inertial loads
7.7.7.4 Forces from ship propulsion
7.7.7.5 Mooring of or impact from small vessels
53 Table 13 Values of factor gfL for other ship-induced loads
7.7.8 Live loads on ship ramps
7.7.9 Accidental damage to suspension system
Table 14 Values of gfL for use with accidental damage to suspension system
7.8 Erection loads
54 7.9 Highway loading
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Lanes
55 Table 15 Notional lanes
7.9.3 Type HRo loading
7.9.3.1 General
56 Table 16 Standard vehicles
Figure 13 Axle weight spacings
7.9.3.2 Loaded length
57 Figure 14 Loading influence line
7.9.3.3 Single nominal wheel load to design for local effects
a) one 100 kN wheel, placed on the carriageway and uniformly distributed over a circular area with an effective pressure of 1.1 N/mm2 (i.e. 340 mm diameter); or
b) a square contact area, using the same effective pressure (i.e. 300 mm side).
7.9.4 Single vehicles, convoys and impact factors
58 7.9.5 Type HB loading
7.9.6 Type 3 t loading
7.9.6.1 General
7.9.6.2 Distribution
7.9.6.3 Dispersal
7.9.6.4 Single nominal wheel load for design of local effects
a) one 25 kN wheel, placed on the carriageway and uniformly distributed over a circular area with an effective pressure of 1.1 N/mm2 (i.e. 240 mm diameter); or
b) a square contact area, using the same effective pressure (i.e. 215 mm side).
7.9.7 Emergency and maintenance vehicles
59 7.9.8 Port vehicles
7.9.9 Application of types HRo, HB and 3 t loading
7.9.9.1 Type HRo loading and type 3 t loading
7.9.9.2 Types HRo and HB loading combined
7.9.10 Accidental wheel loading
7.9.11 Design loads
60 Table 17 Values of factor gfL for design loads
7.10 Walkway live loads
7.11 Loads due to vehicle collision with parapets
7.12 Vehicle collision loads
7.12.1 General
7.12.2 Loads on superstructures
61 7.13 Fatigue loading
Table 18 Annual flow of road vehicles (valid for up to 30% HGVs only)
62 7.14 Loads from operational equipment
7.15 Loads on vehicle and pedestrian restraint systems and kerbs
63 Table 19 Loads on vehicle and pedestrian restraint systems
8 Structural analysis and design
8.1 Design approach
64 8.2 Foundations
8.3 Articulation and structural movements
8.4 Stability
65 8.5 Sinking of floating structures
8.6 Bearings
66 8.7 Guides
8.8 Prevention of collapse
67 Figure 15 Definition of primary support path for suspension system
8.9 Integration with operational equipment
68 8.10 Maintenance and parking
8.11 Proprietary items
9 Furniture, finishes and corrosion protection
9.1 General
69 9.2 Corrosion protection
9.3 Roadway and footway surfaces
9.4 Vehicle and pedestrian restraint systems and kerbs
9.4.1 General
70 9.4.2 Parapets and safety barriers
71 9.4.3 Pedestrian guardrails and handrails
9.4.4 Kerbs
9.4.5 Lifting barriers
72 Annex A (informative) Load combinations and partial safety factors
Table A.1 Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate value of gfL A)
73 Table A.1 Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate value of gfL A) (continued)
74 Table A.1 Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate value of gfL A) (continued)
75 Table A.1 Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate value of gfL A) (continued)
76 Annex B (informative) Vehicle loadings
B.1 Type HRo loading
B.2 Reduced 3 t loading
77 Bibliography
[1] MARKS, R.J.E. Safety in ports – Ship-to-shore linkspans and walkways – A guide to procurement, operation and maintenance. C518. London: CIRIA, 1999.
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992. London: HMSO.
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992. London: HMSO.
[4] GREAT BRITAIN. Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998. London: The Stationery Office.
[5] GREAT BRITAIN. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998. London: The Stationery Office.
[6] GREAT BRITAIN. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. London: HMSO.
[7] GREAT BRITAIN. Disability Discrimination Act 1995. London: HMSO.
[8] MARITIME NAVIGATION COMMISSION WORKING GROUP 24. Criteria for movements of moored ships in harbor – A practical guide. Brussels: International Navigation Association (PIANC), 1995.
[9] GREAT BRITAIN. Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 and subsequent amendments. London: HMSO.
78 [10] HIGHWAYS AGENCY. The assessment of highway bridges and structures. BD 21/02. London: The Stationery Office, 2001. ISBN 0115522964.
[11] HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Loads for highway bridges. BD 37/01. London: The Stationery Office, 2001. ISBN 0115523545.

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BS 6349-8:2007
$215.11