| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5 General and environmental conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6 Equipment required 6.1 General 6.2 Phantom geometries 6.2.1 Low-contrast phantoms for assessing the ability to delineate tumour boundaries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 6.2.2 High-contrast phantoms to evaluate scanner performance, tune scanner pre-sets, and detect defects in probes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 6.2.3 Total internal reflection surfaces 6.2.4 Spatially random distribution of low-echo spheres 6.3 Ultrasonic properties of the tissue-mimicking (TM) phantoms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 7 Data acquisition assuming a spatially random distribution of low-echo spheres 7.1 Methodology 7.1.1 General 7.1.2 Mechanical translation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 7.1.3 Manual translation with cine-loop recording <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 7.2 Storage of digitized image data Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Flow chart <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 7.3 Digital image files available from the scanner itself 7.4 Image archiving systems 8 Automated data analysis for quantifying low-echo sphere detectability 8.1 General 8.2 Computation of mean pixel values (MPVs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2013 Schematic of the image plane nearest to the nth low-echo sphere and not influenced by the presence of an image boundary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Figure 3 \u2013 Modification of Figure 2 showing a vertical image boundary (solid line) and a parallel dashed line, between which (MPV)ijk values are excluded from computation of SmBn or \u03c3Bn in Formula (2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2013 Limiting case of Figure 3 where the vertical image boundaryis tangent to the imaged low-echo sphere <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | Figure 5 \u2013 Modification of Figure 2 showing a 45\u00b0 sector image boundary (solid line) and a parallel dashed line, between which (MPV)ijk values are excluded from computation of SmBn or \u03c3Bn in Formula (2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 8.3 Additional restrictions for sector images 8.3.1 Convex arrays Figure 6 \u2013 Limiting case of Figure 5 where the 45\u00b0 sector imageboundary is tangent to the imaged low-echo sphere <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 8.3.2 Phased arrays 8.4 Determination of the LSNRm-value for a given depth interval 8.4.1 Preliminaries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 8.4.2 Computation of LSNRmd for depth interval label d 8.4.3 Standard error corresponding to each LSNRmd-value 9 Visual assessments of images 9.1 Image comparisons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 9.2 Semi-quantitative image analysis Figure 7 \u2013 Usefulness of simple visual inspection of imagesof a standardized lowecho sphere phantom <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | Figure 8 \u2013 Zones over which at least half of the spheres appear clearly outlined as a nearly full-size circle and are free of echoes (Zone 1) or an average of more than one sphere per slice can be discerned (Zone 2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative)Example of a phantom for performance testingin the 1 MHz to 7 MHz frequency range Figure A.1 \u2013 End view of the phantom applicable for 1 MHz to 7 MHz showing the spatially random distribution of 3,2-mm-diameter, \u22126 dB spheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Figure A.2 \u2013 Top view of phantom with 3,2-mm-diameter, \u22126 dB spheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative)Illustrations of the computation of LSNRmd-valuesas a function of depth Figure B.1 \u2013 Convex-array image of a prototype 4-mm-diameter,\u221220 dB sphere phantom for use in the 1 MHz to 7 MHz frequency range <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Figure B.2 \u2013 Auxiliary figures relating to Figure B.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Figure B.3 \u2013 Results corresponding to Figure B.1 and Figure B.2,demonstrating reproducibility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | Figure B.4 \u2013 Results corresponding to Figure B.1, Figure B.2 and Figure B.3 Figure B.5 \u2013 One of 80 parallel, linear-array images of the phantom containing 4mmdiameter, \u221220 dB spheres, imaged at 4 MHz with the transmit focus at 3 cm depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | Figure B.6 \u2013 Three successive images of the set of 80 frames addressed in Figure B.5, where imaging planes were separated by D\/4 equal to 1 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | Figure B.7 \u2013 Results for the 4-cm-wide, 3-cm-focus, linear array addressedin Figure B.5 and Figure B.6 using all 80 image frames in two sets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | Figure B.8 \u2013 Results for the 4-cm-wide, 3-cm-focus, linear array addressedin Figure B.5, Figure B.6 and Figure B.7, using all 80 image framescorresponding to Figure B.7 in one set <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative)Sufficient number of data images to assurereproducibility of results C.1 General C.2 Phantom with 3,2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB low-echo sphere, having two spheres per millilitre Figure C.1 \u2013 One image obtained from a phantom containing 3,2-mm-diameter,\u221220 dB spheres by using a 4 MHz linear array focused at 3 cm depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Figure C.2 \u2013 Reproducibility result for two independent sets of 70 images with a mean number of low-echo sphere centres that is about 15 per 5 mm-depth interval <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Figure C.3 \u2013 Results obtained by combining both sets of 70 independentimages corresponding to Figure C.2 into a single, 140-image set Figure C.4 \u2013 Sector image (curved array) at 4,5 MHz with multiple transmit foci at 4 cm,8 cm and 12 cm depths; the \u221220 dB spheres are 3,2 mm in diameter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Figure C.5 \u2013 Reproducibility results for a multiple transmit-focus(4 cm, 8 cm and 12 cm) case corresponding to Figure C.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Figure C.6 \u2013 Reproducibility results for the case corresponding to Figure C.5,except that there is a single focus at a 10 cm depth Figure C.7 \u2013 Reproducibility results for the case corresponding to Figure C.5,except that there is a single transmit focus at 4 cm depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | C.3 Phantom with 2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB spheres and eight spheres per millilitre Figure C.8 \u2013 Image of a phantom containing 2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB spheres, made with a curved array having a 1,5 cm radius of curvature, with its transmit focus at 3 cm depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Figure C.9 \u2013 Reproducibility results corresponding to Figure C.8 Figure C.10 \u2013 Results using all 100 images in the image set that gave rise to Figure C.9 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Figure C.11 \u2013 Image of a phantom containing 2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB spheres, made with a high-frequency (15 MHz) linear array and a transmit focus of 4 cm depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Figure C.12 \u2013 Reproducibility results corresponding to Figure C.11 Figure C.13 \u2013 Results using all 200 images in the image set that gave rise to Figure C.12 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative)Example of a phantom for performance testingin the 7 MHz to 23 MHz frequency range Figure D.1 \u2013 End- and top-view diagrams of the phantom containing 2-mm-diameter, low-echo spheres with a backscatter level \u221220 dB relative to the background,for use in the 7 MHz to 23 MHz frequency range <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Figure D.2 \u2013 Image of the phantom containing 2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB spheres [7], [8] obtained with a paediatric transducer with a radius of curvature of about 1,5 cm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative)Determination of low-echo sphere positionsto within D\/8 in x-, y- and z-Cartesian coordinates E.1 Procedure Figure E.1 \u2013 Diagram discussed in the second paragraph of 3) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | E.2 Argument for the choice of seven MPV nearest-neighbour sites for determining the centres of low-echo spheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Annex F (informative)Tests of total internal reflection produced by aluminaand plate-glass, plane reflectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Figure F.1 \u2013 Average of 10 images obtained by using a phased array transducer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Figure F.2 \u2013 Mean and standard deviation of pixel value plotted against depthfrom the two rectangular regions seen in Figure F.1 Figure F.3 \u2013 Same as Figure F.2, but for data obtained after the transducer was rotated 180\u00b0, so the plate-glass reflector appeared on the right side of the image <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Figure F.4 \u2013 The percentage by which the mean pixel values resulting from reflections differ from the mean pixel values not involving reflections plotted against depth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Figure F.5 \u2013 Image obtained using a wide-sector (153\u00b0),1 cm radius-of-curvature transducer Figure F.6 \u2013 Mean pixel value and its standard deviation plottedagainst depth from the two rectangular regions in Figure F.5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Figure F.7 \u2013 Same as Figure F.6, only the transducer was rotated 180\u00b0,so the alumina reflector was on the right side of the B-mode image <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure F.8 \u2013 The percentage by which the mean pixel values resulting from reflections differ from the mean pixel values not involving reflections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Annex G (informative)Results of a test of reproducibility of LSNRmd as a function of depthfor a phantom with 4-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB spheres,having two spheres per millilitre Figure G.1 \u2013 Example image of the phantom, taken with a 4,2 MHz curved array <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Figure G.2 \u2013 Reproducibility results corresponding to the two 40-image data subsets,one of which is shown in Figure G.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | Annex H (informative)Results for low-echo sphere concentration dependence of LSNRmdas a function of depth for phantoms with 3,2-mm-diameter,\u221220 dB spheres Figure H.1 \u2013 Example of an image from the 75-image, 4 ml\u22121 dataset producing the results shown in Figure H.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Figure H.2 \u2013 Results for the phantom containing four3,2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB low-echo spheres per millilitre Figure H.3 \u2013 Example of an image from the 140-image, two spheresper millilitre data set producing the results shown in Figure H.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure H.4 \u2013 Results for the phantom containing two3,2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB low-echo spheres per millilitre Figure H.5 \u2013 Example of an image from the 180-image, one sphereper millilitre data set producing the results shown in Figure H.6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Figure H.6 \u2013 Results for the phantom containing one3,2-mm-diameter, \u221220 dB low-echo sphere per millilitre <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Annex I (informative)Comparison of two different makes of scannerwith similar transducers and console settings Figure I.1 \u2013 Results for System A scanner and 7CF2 3-D (swept convex array) transducer focused at 4 cm depth and operated at 4,5 MHz in 2-D mode <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Figure I.2 \u2013 Results for System B scanner with a 4DC7-3 3-D (convex array) transducer focused at 4 cm depth and operated at 4 MHz in 2-D mode <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Annex J (informative)Special considerations for 3-D probes J.1 3-D probes operating in 2-D imaging mode J.2 2-D arrays operating in 3-D imaging mode for determining LSNRmd-values as a function of depth for reconstructed images J.3 Mechanically driven 3-D probes operating in 3-D imaging mode <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ultrasonics. Pulse-echo scanners. Low-echo sphere phantoms and method for performance testing of grey-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to a broad range of transducer types<\/b><\/p>\n |