ACI 360R 10:2010 Edition

$56.88

360R-10 Guide to Design of Slabs-on-Ground

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ACI	2010	76

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Category: ACI

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Description

This guide presents information on the design of slabs-on-ground, primarily industrial floors. It addresses the planning, design, and detailing of slabs. Background information on design theories is followed by discussion of the types of slabs, soil-support systems, loadings, and jointing. Design methods are given for unreinforced concrete, reinforced concrete, shrinkage-compensating concrete, post-tensioned concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete slabs-on-ground, and slabs-on-ground in refrigerated buildings, followed by information on shrinkage and curling. Advantages and disadvantages of these slab design methods are provided, including the ability of some slab designs to minimize cracking and curling more than others. Even with the best slab designs and proper construction, it is unrealistic to expect crack-free and curl-free floors. Every owner should be advised by the designer and contractor that it is normal to expect some cracking and curling on every project. This does not necessarily reflect adversely on the adequacy of the floor’s design or quality of construction. Design examples are given. Keywords: curling; design; floors-on-ground; grade floors; industrial floors; joints; load types; post-tensioned concrete; reinforcement (steel, fibers); shrinkage; shrinkage-compensating; slabs; slabs-on-ground; soil mechanics; warping.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	CONTENTS
5	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION 1.1— Purpose and scope 1.2—Work of ACI Committee 360 and other relevant committees 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9 1.2.10 1.2.11 1.3—Work of non-ACI organizations 1.4—Design theories for slabs-on-ground 1.4.1 Introduction
6	1.4.2 Review of classical design theories 1.4.3 Finite-element method 1.5—Construction document information
7	1.5.1 Slab-on-ground design criteria 1.5.2 Floor flatness and levelness tolerances 1.6—Further research CHAPTER 2— DEFINITIONS 2.1— Definitions
8	CHAPTER 3— SLAB TYPES 3.1— Introduction 3.2—Slab types 3.2.1 Unreinforced concrete slab 3.2.2 Slabs reinforced for crack-width control 3.2.3 Slabs reinforced to prevent cracking
9	3.2.4 Structural slabs 3.3—General comparison of slab types 3.4—Design and construction variables 3.5—Conclusion
10	CHAPTER 4— SOIL SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR SLABS- ON- GROUND 4.1— Introduction 4.2—Geotechnical engineering reports 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Boring or test pit logs 4.2.3 Report evaluations and recommendations 4.3—Subgrade classification
11	4.4—Modulus of subgrade reaction 4.4.1 Introduction
12	4.4.2 Plate load field tests
13	4.4.3 American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approach 4.4.4 Other approaches 4.4.5 Influence of moisture content 4.4.6 Influence of soil material on modulus of subgrade reaction
15	4.4.7 Uniformity of support 4.4.8 Influence of size of loaded area 4.4.9 Influence of time 4.5—Design of slab-support system 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Economics and simplified design 4.5.3 Bearing support
16	4.6—Site preparation 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Proof-rolling 4.6.3 Subgrade stabilization 4.6.4 Subbase and base materials
18	4.6.5 Stabilization of base and subbase 4.6.6 Grading tolerance 4.6.7 Vapor retarder/barrier
19	4.7—Inspection and site testing of slab support
20	4.8—Special slab-on-ground support problems CHAPTER 5— LOADS 5.1— Introduction 5.2—Vehicular loads
21	5.3—Concentrated loads
22	5.4—Distributed loads 5.5—Line and strip loads 5.6—Unusual loads 5.7—Construction loads 5.8—Environmental factors
23	5.9—Factors of safety
24	CHAPTER 6— JOINTS 6.1— Introduction 6.1.1 Isolation joints 6.1.2 Construction joints
25	6.1.3 Sawcut contraction joints
28	6.2—Load-transfer mechanisms
31	6.3—Sawcut contraction joints
32	6.4—Joint protection 6.5—Joint filling and sealing 6.5.1 Time of filling and sealing
33	6.5.2 Installation CHAPTER 7—DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Thickness design methods
34	7.2.1 Portland Cement Association design method
35	7.2.1.1 Wheel loads 7.2.1.2 Concentrated loads 7.2.1.3 Uniform loads 7.2.1.4 Construction loads 7.2.2 Wire Reinforcement Institute design method 7.2.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2.2 Wheel loads 7.2.2.3 Concentrated loads 7.2.2.4 Uniform loads 7.2.2.5 Construction loads 7.2.3 The COE design method 7.3—Shear transfer at joints
36	7.3.1 Steel dowels 7.4—Maximum joint spacing CHAPTER 8— DESIGN OF SLABS REINFORCED FOR CRACK- WIDTH CONTROL 8.1— Introduction 8.2—Thickness design methods 8.3—Reinforcement for crack-width control only CHAPTER 9— DESIGN OF SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE SLABS 9.1— Introduction 9.1.1 Portland-cement and blended-cement concrete 9.1.2 Shrinkage-compensating concrete compared with conventional concrete
37	9.2—Thickness determination 9.3—Reinforcement 9.3.1 Restraint 9.3.2 Minimum reinforcement 9.3.3 Effect of reinforcement location
38	9.3.4 Maximum reinforcement 9.3.5 Alternative minimum restraint levels
39	9.4—Other considerations 9.4.1 Curvature benefits 9.4.2 Prism and slab expansion strains and stresses 9.4.3 Expansion/isolation joints 9.4.4 Construction joints 9.4.5 Placing sequence 9.4.6 Concrete overlays
40	CHAPTER 10— DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED SLABS- ON- GROUND 10.1— Introduction 10.2—Applicable design procedures 10.2.1 Thickness design 10.2.2 Crack-control design 10.2.3 Industrial floor design 10.2.4 Post-Tensioning Institute method
41	10.3—Slabs post-tensioned for crack control 10.3.1 Design methods 10.3.2 Post-tensioning force required 10.3.3 Floating slab 10.3.4 Tendon stressing 10.3.5 Tendon layout
42	10.4—Industrial slabs with post-tensioned reinforcement for structural support 10.4.1 Design methods 10.4.2 Factors of safety 10.4.3 Subgrade friction reduction 10.4.4 Joint requirements 10.4.4.1 Strip placements 10.4.4.2 Placement of rectangular sections 10.4.5 Special considerations CHAPTER 11— FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS- ON- GROUND 11.1— Introduction 11.2—Synthetic fiber reinforcement 11.2.1 Properties of synthetic fibers
43	11.2.2 Design principles 11.2.3 Joint details 11.3—Steel fiber reinforcement 11.3.1 Properties of steel fibers 11.3.2 Properties of steel FRC 11.3.2.1 Random crack control 11.3.2.2 Crack width opening 11.3.2.3 Flexural toughness
44	11.3.2.4 Impact resistance 11.3.2.5 Flexural fatigue resistance 11.3.2.6 Shear resistance 11.3.2.7 Freezing-and-thawing resistance 11.3.2.8 Durability in corrosive environments 11.3.3 Thickness design methods 11.3.3.1 The PCA/WRI/COE method 11.3.3.2 Elastic method 11.3.3.3 Yield line method
45	11.3.3.4 Nonlinear finite element computer modeling 11.3.3.5 Steel fibers combined with bar reinforcement 11.3.4 Joint details
46	CHAPTER 12— STRUCTURAL SLABS-ON-GROUND SUPPORTING BUILDING CODE LOADS 12.1— Introduction 12.2—Design considerations CHAPTER 13— DESIGN OF SLABS FOR REFRIGERATED FACILITIES 13.1— Introduction 13.2—Design and specification considerations 13.2.1 Insulation modulus 13.2.2 Compressive creep
47	13.2.3 Reinforcement 13.2.4 Joints 13.2.5 Curing 13.2.6 Underslab tolerance 13.2.7 Forming 13.3—Temperature drawdown CHAPTER 14— REDUCING EFFECTS OF SLAB SHRINKAGE AND CURLING 14.1— Introduction
48	14.2—Drying and thermal shrinkage 14.3—Curling and warping 14.4—Factors that affect shrinkage and curling 14.4.1 Effect of maximum-size coarse aggregate
49	14.4.2 Influence of cement 14.4.3 Influence of slump 14.4.4 Influence of water-reducing admixtures 14.4.5 Shrinkage-reducing admixtures 14.5—Compressive strength and shrinkage
50	14.6— Compressive strength and abrasion resistance 14.7—Removing restraints to shrinkage 14.8—Base and vapor retarders/barriers
51	14.9—Distributed reinforcement to reduce curling and number of joints 14.10—Thickened edges to reduce curling 14.11—Relation between curing and curling 14.12—Warping stresses in relation to joint spacing
52	14.13—Warping stresses and deformation
54	14.14—Effect of eliminating sawcut contraction joints with post- tensioning or shrinkage- compensating concrete 14.15—Summary and conclusions 14.15.1 Subgrade conditions 14.15.2 Design details
55	14.15.3 Control of concrete mixture CHAPTER 15— REFERENCES 15.1— Referenced standards and reports
56	15.2—Cited references
60	APPENDIX 1— DESIGN EXAMPLES USING PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION METHOD A1.1— Introduction A1.2—The PCA thickness design for single-axle load
61	A1.3—The PCA thickness design for slab with post loading
62	A1.4—Other PCA design information APPENDIX 2— SLAB THICKNESS DESIGN BY THE WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE ( WRI) METHOD A2.1— Introduction A2.2—The WRI thickness selection for single-axle wheel load
63	A2.3—The WRI thickness selection for aisle moment due to uniform loading
65	APPENDIX 3— DESIGN EXAMPLES USING CORPS OF ENGINEERS’ ( COE) CHARTS A3.1— Introduction A3.2—Vehicle wheel loading A3.3—Heavy lift truck loading APPENDIX 4— SLAB DESIGN USING POST- TENSIONING A4.1—Design example: Using post-tensioning to minimize cracking
67	A4.2—Design example: Equivalent tensile stress design APPENDIX 5— DESIGN EXAMPLE USING SHRINKAGE- COMPENSATING CONCRETE A5.1— Introduction A5.2—Example selecting the optimum amount of reinforcement to maximize the compressive stress in the concrete where the slab thickness, the joint spacing, and prism expansion are known
68	APPENDIX 6— DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR STEEL FRC SLABS- ON- GROUND USING YIELD LINE METHOD A6.1— Introduction A6.2—Assumptions and design criteria A6.2.1 Calculations for a concentrated load applied a considerable distance from slab edges
69	A6.2.2 Calculations for post load applied adjacent to sawcut contraction joint APPENDIX 7— CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT INFORMATION A7.1— Introduction A7.2—Example design criteria
70	A7.3—Typical details A7.3.1 Door details
72	A7.3.2 Slab penetrations
73	A7.3.3 Reentrant corners and discontinuous joints A7.3.4 Lateral ties to slab-on-ground
74	Notes for Sections A7.3.1 to A7.3.4 CONVERSION FACTORS LENGTH VOLUME WEIGHT TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC WEIGHT WATER-CEMENT RATIO AREA